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Certain cells of the human immune system produce the cytokine IL-4 (a protein). The experiment below is related to IL-4. “Human immune cells were exposed to E. coli bacteria, and the amount of IL-4 was measured over time (0 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours and 18 hours after exposure). The amount of β-actin was also measured as a control.”    What type of molecule is being detected?

Shotgun metagenomics will allow you to determine the functional capabilities/potential of microbial communities in a environmental sample.

Is PA expression regulated transcriptionally or post-transcriptionally? How can you tell?

Many cells only produce enzymes to break down a particular food source when that food source is actually available. Which of the following techniques is most appropriate for asking whether the gene for a metabolic enzyme is being transcribed? 

About how many more E. coli survived the 0mM/ without UV treatment (first bar) than the 10mM/ without UV treatment (fourth bar)?

Which of the following are types of mutations (select all that apply):

Cyanobacteria are the only bacterial phyla that contain phototrophs.

Which of the following pairs is most closely related?

Cyanobacteria are the ONLY oxygenic phototrophic prokaryotes.

Strands of DNA are in anti-parallel orientation