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Pro-slavery advocates took extreme measures in order to expand and preserve the institution of slavery in the leadup to the Civil War. One method they took was called [BLANK-1], where pro-slavery individuals like William Walker and Narciso López raised private armies with no connection to the government in an attempt to overthrow a foreign government and found a pro-slavery republic. While López failed in his attempts to invade Cuba, Walker successfully overthrew the Nicaraguan government with his own personal army and briefly set up a pro-slavery, pro-American Nicaraguan state with himself as president.

The development of the Petit Gulf strain of cotton, as well as [BLANK-1]’s 1794 innovation to the cotton gin, made cotton the South’s most important cash crop by the beginning of the nineteenth century. That in turn led to a huge increase in the importance of slavery in the Lower South, further leading to sectional conflict between North and South.

[BLANK-1] was a huge economic depression that occurred during Martin Van Buren’s presidency, but which was largely caused by Andrew Jackson’s presidential policies (including the Bank War, his attack on the monetary system, his condemnation of Henry Clay’s American System, and his decision to veto national infrastructure legislation). The situation worsened when Jackson passed the Specie Circular a few months before the end of his second term, requiring all land to be purchased using hard specie (gold or silver). These further deprived banks of specie and, alongside an overinvestment of British capital and land speculation, led to an increase in American foreign indebtedness. This depression tanked Van Buren’s popularity and it took six years for the American economy to begin to recover.

Most founding fathers, such as Alexander Hamilton, were wary of ordinary citizens’ influence on government and favored severe limits to democracy. They tended to believe that too much participation by the masses would undermine good order and prevent the creation of a secure and united republican society. [BLANK-1], a Massachusetts delegate to the Constitutional Convention who initially refused to sign the finished Constitution, summed up these fears by saying, “the evils we experience flow from an excess of democracy.” In the first decades of the United States, there were protections in place (such as property ownership requirements) that prevented ordinary people (even white men) from voting. It was only with the Growth of Democracy in the 1820s and 1830s that property-ownership requirements were dropped in all states and the franchise expanded to include poor or propertyless white men.

[BLANK-1] was an early innovator of the telegraph and instrumental to the creation of a single-wire telegraph. He also developed a system to make communication by telegraph easier. By 1843, he persuaded congress to fund a forty-mile telegraph line stretching from Washington D.C. to Baltimore. His innovations were instrumental to the Communications Revolution.

Part 3 Essay Question [40%]:Your essay should have an introduction with a clear and specific thesis, a body with evidence, and a conclusion that reinforces your central argument. Select the option you feel the most comfortable with and answer it to the best of your ability.Choose ONE (1) of the following options:Describe in detail the various ways that Indian cultures collected food before the invention of farming.  During the archaic age, in what ways did Native Americans adapt to environmental changes in order to find new ways of collecting food?  How did farming revolutionize some Indian societies?  What aspects of Indian societies greatly changed with the introduction of farming?  Identify several Indian farming cultures and note how they differed from one another.  What was the staple crop of most American Indian farming societies?What were the major issues of concern during Bacon’s Rebellion?  Who was Nathaniel Bacon?  To whom did his rebellion appeal?  How did the rebels differ from Bacon?  How did Bacon’s Rebellion have lasting effects on race relations in North America (use evidence to support your claim)?Describe in detail the Puritan religion. What was Puritanism and what about the religion contributed to the persecution of Puritans in Europe? Describe a Puritan community – where would it have been located? What values did members of this Puritan community hold? How did they interact with their neighbors and members of other religions? How did these things change from the seventeenth through the late-eighteenth centuries? What ideological or theological movements did the Puritans affect? How so?

Abigail HobbesBartolome de Las CasasThe Battles of Lexington and ConcordBlack PioneersClaims of KinfolkThe Court of Oyer and TerminerHernan CortesJoseph de AcostaKing Philip’s WarKing William’s WarMaroon ColoniesMary RowlandsonMercy LewisThe Navigation ActsThe Tea ActT. H. BreenTavern CultureThe Valladolid DebateWilliam CooperWilliam Penn

Part 3 Essay Question [40%]:Your essay should have an introduction with a clear and specific thesis, a body with evidence, and a conclusion that reinforces your central argument. Select the option you feel the most comfortable with and answer it to the best of your ability.Choose ONE (1) of the following options:In what ways did King George III’s ascension to the British throne in 1760 alter the dynamic between colonists and the mother government and how did it hasten the colonists toward independence movements?  Describe King George III’s government.  How did it differ from the previous 30 years of government?  How did the king’s government interpret royal authority?  How did the government put these views in practice with their colonial administration?What were Alexander Hamilton’s and Thomas Jefferson’s visions for the future of America?  How did their interpretation of the constitution differ as well?  What were the economic visions for America each of these men proposed and how did they seek to accomplish these visions?  During George Washington’s administration, whose vision won out?  Decades, or even centuries later, whose vision do you think prevailed?Trace the progression of the Northern economy from its reliance on artisanal labor to the full adoption of industrial capitalism. What were the various stages of the progression? Describe the labor, workers, and conditions at each stage. In what way was this work exploitative, so much so that Southerners began to refer to working in the industrial North as “wage slavery?” To whom did industrial capitalists turn in order to take advantage of the cheapest form of labor?

A screening test is evaluated in a sample of individuals. The results are: What’s the prevalence of disease in this table? Express your answer as a percentage. E.g. if your answer is 0.5, put 50 in the answer box to indicate that the prevalence is 50%.

A variable that lies on the causal pathway between exposure and outcome is called: