A patient with a spinal cord injury is being evaluated for a…

A patient with a spinal cord injury is being evaluated for autonomic dysreflexia. Understanding the neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is critical for anticipating medication side effects. Which neurotransmitter is released by the preganglionic fibers in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?

The perception of pain is the result of a complicated neurol…

The perception of pain is the result of a complicated neurologic pathway including transduction, transmission, and modulation of electrical signals. The stimulus of this complex pathway propagates from the peripheral nociceptors to the brain and is modulated by neurotransmitters. Due to the association of the limbic system with the pain-processing centers in the brain, there are four major psychological processes that directly impact pain perception. Which of the following is NOT one of the major psychological processes?