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Are L. lactis and S. thermophilus a complete clade? If so, which node represents their MRCA (most recent common ancestor)?

Select all of the following sequencing technologies that are considered 1st generation.

Factor-dependent termination of transcription involves the Tus protein binding to the rut site

Which node represents the MRCA (most recent common ancestor) of B. linens and L. casei?

Which of the following classes are spore forming Firmicutes? (select all that apply)

Certain cells of the human immune system produce the cytokine IL-4 (a protein). The experiment below is related to IL-4. “Human immune cells were exposed to E. coli bacteria, and the amount of IL-4 was measured over time (0 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours and 18 hours after exposure). The amount of β-actin was also measured as a control.”    What type of molecule is being detected?

Shotgun metagenomics will allow you to determine the functional capabilities/potential of microbial communities in a environmental sample.

Is PA expression regulated transcriptionally or post-transcriptionally? How can you tell?

Many cells only produce enzymes to break down a particular food source when that food source is actually available. Which of the following techniques is most appropriate for asking whether the gene for a metabolic enzyme is being transcribed? 

About how many more E. coli survived the 0mM/ without UV treatment (first bar) than the 10mM/ without UV treatment (fourth bar)?