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__________ is best described as the argument that social and economic differences between races are the result of immutable, inherited, and inborn distinctions.

A 68-year-old male is brought to the emergency room by his daughter due to confusion. She reports that her father did not remember who she was yesterday, and his refrigerator was completely empty when she tried to make him lunch. She states that he was acting like himself when she visited him last week. She also notes that he has struggled with alcoholism for many years and has not seen a doctor in over two decades. She is unsure if he has any other chronic medical conditions. In the emergency room, the patient’s temperature is 101.2°F, pulse is 102/min, respirations are 22/min, and O2 saturation is 92% on room air. His BMI is 17.1 kg/m2.  Physical exam reveals an extremely thin and frail man who is not oriented to person, place, or time. As he is being examined, he becomes unresponsive and desaturates to 84%. He is intubated and admitted to the intensive care unit for what is found to be pneumonia, and the patient is treated with appropriate antibiotics and started on total parental nutrition. Two days later, physical exam is notable for new peripheral edema. Laboratory tests at that time reveal the following:  Serum:Na+: 135 mEq/LCl-: 101 mEq/LK+: 2.4 mEq/L (↓)HCO3-: 24 mEq/LBUN: 18 mg/dLGlucose: 124 mg/dLCreatinine: 1.1 mg/dLPhosphate: 1.1 mg/dL (↓)Mg2+: 1.0 mg/dL (↓) Which of the following conditions is the most likely cause of the electrolyte abnormalities and peripheral edema seen in this patient? 

Patient is a 36-year-old female with a history of multiple abdominal surgeries, who presents complaining of severe colicky abdominal pain with associated nausea, vomiting, and constipation. Match the patient case with the correct Abdominal x-ray image below.                   

Which of the following describes the appearance of distended and engorged superficial epigastric veins, which are seen radiating from the umbilicus across the abdomen seen in a patient with cirrhosis?       

A 46-year-old female with PMH significant for Type II DM, presents to the clinic for evaluation of 2-3 episodes of sudden, severe epigastric pain which radiates to her shoulder.  She has associated nausea and vomiting.  The patient has a fever of 101ºF, and reports that she is experiencing chills.  The patient is also noted to have scleral icterus.  Based on this information, which of the following conditions is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?

A 52-year-old male presents to the ER with acute, severe, epigastric pain radiating to the back.  The patient reports one episode of coffee ground emesis earlier that day.  On examination, the patient is ill-appearing with a rigid, quiet abdomen and rebound tenderness.  Which of the following conditions is the most likely diagnosis for this patient?

Patient is a 70-year-old male who presents with abdominal pain and vomiting.  What is the radiological diagnosis in the abdominal x-ray image below?                

A 68-year-old male presented to his primary care physician with postprandial epigastric pain. He was prescribed antacids, which were ineffective; his weight then decreased by 11 kg in 3 months.  On examination, the patient was noted to have a firm enlarged left supraclavicular lymph node (see image below).  Which of the following conditions is the most likely diagnosis for this patient?           

A middle-aged woman comes to her doctor complaining of profuse, bloody diarrhea and abdominal cramps which started this afternoon. She states that she went to a restaurant a day before and ate a hamburger “that looked pink and undercooked.”  She looks uncomfortable due to the cramps but not dehydrated. She has no fever and her blood pressure and pulse are within normal limits.  Which of the following pathogens is the most likely cause of this condition?

A 46-year-old female underwent gastric bypass surgery.  She states that she followed the prescribed diet, and lost approximately 100 pounds in the first 18 months following her surgery.  The patient now presents for her scheduled two-year follow up, and states that she has been recently noticing that her feet “feel like pins and needles”, and the patient reports that it is difficult to tell the position of her feet on the floor. The patient denies any other associated symptoms.  Blood tests reveal a deficiency in one specific vitamin.  Based on this information, this patient is most likely deficient in which of the following vitamins?