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In __________, a coerced confession does not automatically overturn a conviction. Rather, Miranda violations must be reviewed for a determination of harmless or harmful error.

Executive branch influence on punishment is exercised through __________.

Failing to respond to a jury summons can result in a warrant being issued for arrest; punishments include ________.

In ancient societies, the primary purpose of punishment was __________.

CASE 14.1 No consensus exists on how the courts should punish the guilty, perhaps due to the fact that five different philosophical principles guide sentencing in the United States: retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, rehabilitation, and restoration. These sentencing philosophies differ in important ways. Some focus on past behavior, whereas others are future-oriented. Some stress that the punishment should fit the crime, whereas others emphasize that punishment should fit the criminal. These issues influence contemporary thinking about sentencing. Which sentencing philosophy encompasses the idea that offenders deserve punishment?

CASE 13.2 Before the first word of testimony, trials pass through the critical stage of jury selection. Juries are chosen in a process that combines random selection with deliberate choice. Jury selection occurs in three stages: compiling a master list, summoning the venire, and conducting voir dire. Whether these processes actually produce fair and impartial juries has been the subject of much concern. Basing the master jury list on voter registration tends to exclude which of the following?

What is the term indicating that a prosecutor in a criminal case must produce some evidence to justify moving a case forward?

A justice of the peace court is an example of a trial court of general jurisdiction.

The Miranda warnings do not have to be given before law enforcement obtains __________.

In sheer numbers, African-Americans are convicted less often than whites.