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(OPTIONAL) Up to 2 points of extra credit:   As we learned earlier in the quarter, the influenza vaccine and many others you may have gotten typically consist of either proteins representing the pathogen, or an inactivated (“killed”) or otherwise “attenuated” (harmless) version of the pathogen.  In response to the vaccine, B lymphocytes of your body produce antibodies that bind specifically to the protein or pathogen. This effectively “trains” your immune system to be able to rapidly and powerfully respond if you are exposed to the actual pathogen, thereby protecting you. By contrast, the Pfizer and Moderna developed vaccines for the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that are instead mRNA vaccines, meaning they consist of mRNA sequences of genes from the coronavirus. Each contains the mRNA that codes for the viral spike protein, a protein on the surface involved in attachment and uptake by the cell. If classical vaccines rely on the injection of a protein in order for the immune system to respond to produce antibodies that bind that protein, what do you think the mechanism is of this mRNA vaccine? Briefly, but clearly describe what happens when an individual is given an mRNA vaccine and how this allows a proper immune response that yields protection. What binds to the virus? Copyright 2025 by Edmonds College Department of Biology. All rights reserved. Online sharing or distribution is prohibited. For exam use only in BIOL& 211: Majors Cellular Biology at Edmonds College. Outside help is not allowed.

In Chapter 15, we learned about the famous experiments done by Meselson and Stahl on DNA replication. Which of the figures below demonstrates the hypothesis of semiconservative replication (A, B or C)?  Copyright 2025 by Edmonds College Department of Biology. All rights reserved. Online sharing or distribution is prohibited. For exam use only in BIOL& 211: Majors Cellular Biology at Edmonds College. Outside help is not allowed.

You want to insert a gene into a plasmid in order to transform E. coli and give it new capabilities. You have both the gene and the plasmid available and have used the same restriction enzymes to cut each. In order to put the gene into the plasmid, you will need to use______. Copyright 2025 by Edmonds College Department of Biology. All rights reserved. Online sharing or distribution is prohibited. For exam use only in BIOL& 211: Majors Cellular Biology at Edmonds College. Outside help is not allowed.

Choose the best answer: The company that made suboxone promoted the drug and manipulated markets to block generic competition. These tactics were put into place to drive profit. According to the New York Times Magazine article, these tactics included:

True of False? The Age-Friendly Health Systems initiative is sponsored by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) and American Hospital Association (AHA), among others.

Matching: Match the ethical term with the best corresponding definition. 

Choose the best answer: A 45-year-old man has been trying to quit smoking for the past month. He reports using strategies such as avoiding situations where others smoke, developing alternative coping mechanisms for stress, and recognizing early warning signs of cravings to prevent relapse. Which behavioral theory best explains this patient’s approach to smoking cessation?

A compounded isosorbide mononitrate solution contains 0.5 g in 250 mL. What is the % strength?

Among the following officials in Texas, who is  NOT a member of the Legislative Budget Board? 

Which of the following is NOT a function of county government in Texas?