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A 32-year-old woman presents with severe dysmenorrhea and infertility. Laparoscopy reveals ectopic endometrial tissue on the ovaries. Which process explains her condition?

A 45-year-old man presents with severe epigastric pain radiating to the back. Labs: lipase 680 U/L (normal

A 72-year-old man presents with gradual bilateral hearing loss. His family notes he cannot hear high-pitched voices. Audiogram shows symmetric high-frequency loss. Which process explains his condition?

A 58-year-old man presents with flank pain and hematuria. CT reveals a renal mass with renal vein invasion. Which process explains his condition?

A 66-year-old man presents with chest pain, weight loss, and early satiety. Endoscopy reveals an ulcerated mass in the stomach. Biopsy shows malignant cells. Which process explains his disease?

A 51-year-old patient reports a worst headache of life with sudden onset during activity, followed by neck stiffness. CT head is negative; lumbar puncture shows xanthochromic CSF. Which process explains this presentation?

A 29-year-old patient has episodic unilateral vision loss with eye pain (optic neuritis), and months later develops limb numbness and weakness that partially improves. MRI brain shows periventricular plaques; CSF has oligoclonal bands. Which process explains this disease?

A 46-year-old man presents with severe low back pain after lifting a heavy object. Straight leg raise test reproduces pain radiating down the left leg. MRI shows herniated L5-S1 disc compressing the nerve root. Which process explains his sciatica?

A 64-year-old man presents with progressive peripheral vision loss. Intraocular pressure is 28 mmHg (normal 10–21 mmHg). Optic disc cupping is present. Which process explains his disease?

A 67-year-old woman presents with chronic joint pain and stiffness that worsens with activity and improves with rest. Imaging shows joint space narrowing, osteophyte formation, and subchondral sclerosis. Which process explains her arthritis?