A small group of terrorists hijacked a foreign airliner. Ten…

A small group of terrorists hijacked a foreign airliner. Ten prominent bankers from the United States were among the airline passengers. The terrorists demanded that three individuals imprisoned in a State T prison be released. Although these individuals were properly convicted of violation of State T laws, the terrorists contended that they were political prisoners and that their convictions were merely a subterfuge to prevent them from inciting the local populace. After negotiations between the State Department and the terrorists, the President of the United States agreed to release the three prisoners in return for the freedom of the 10 bankers. He issued official pardons and ordered that the prisoners be released.What is the strongest argument that the President’s order is invalid?

Emerald City is a center for businesses that assemble person…

Emerald City is a center for businesses that assemble personal computers. Components for these computers are manufactured elsewhere in the State of Oz and other states and then shipped to Emerald City, where the computers are assembled. An Emerald City ordinance imposes a special license tax on all of the many companies engaged in the business of assembling computers in Emerald City. The tax payable by each such company is a percentage of the company’s gross receipts. The Oz statute that authorizes municipalities to impose this license tax has a provision that requires the city license tax to be reduced by a percentage equal to the proportion of computer components manufactured in Oz. ABC Company assembles computers in Emerald City and sells them from its offices in Emerald City to buyers throughout the United States. All of the components of its computers come from outside Oz. Therefore, ABC Company must pay the Emerald City license tax in full without receiving any reduction. Other Emerald City computer assemblers use components manufactured in Oz in varying proportions and, therefore, are entitled to partial reductions of their Emerald City license tax payments. ABC Company has brought an action in a proper court asking to have Emerald City’s special license tax declared unconstitutional on the ground that it is inconsistent with the negative implications of the Commerce Clause.In this case, the court should rule:

Radox is a harmful gas found in the soil of certain regions…

Radox is a harmful gas found in the soil of certain regions of the United States. A State Y statute requires occupants of residences with basements susceptible to the intrusion of radox to have their residences tested for the presence of radox. The State Y statute also provides that the testing for radox may be done only by testers licensed by a State Y agency. According to the State Y statute, a firm may be licensed to test for radox only if it meets specified rigorous standards relating to the accuracy of its testing. These standards may easily be achieved with current technology, but the technology required to meet them is 50% more expensive than the technology required to measure radox accumulations in a slightly less accurate manner. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) does not license radox testers. A federal statute, however, authorizes the EPA to advise on the accuracy of various methods of radox testing and to provide to the general public a list of testers that use methods it believes to be reasonably accurate. A recently established company in State Y uses a testing method that the EPA has stated is reasonably accurate. The company is also included on the EPA’s list of testers using methods it believes to be reasonably accurate. The company applied for a radox testing license in State Y, but its application was denied because it cannot demonstrate that its method of testing for radox is sufficiently accurate to meet the rigorous State Y statutory standards. The company has sued appropriate State Y officials claiming that State Y may not constitutionally exclude the company from performing the required radox tests in State Y.Who is likely to prevail in the lawsuit?