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Paper: McCullough.pdf | You download and/or print this for reference as you complete part 2 of the exam. PSU Library Access: Click on the Library Resources link in the left-hand navigation bar to access the PSU libraries and assist in completing this exam. You may download PDFs from the library and access/reference them throughout this exam. In addition, here is a quick to Penn State University Libraries search.

Perhaps the most important document in English history is [BLANK-1], signed by King John and rebellious barons in 1215. The document served as a contract and a precursor to a constitution that ensured that even the king was subject to the justice and law of England

Part 3 Essay Question (40%): Your essay should have an introduction with a clear and specific thesis, a body with evidence, and a conclusion that reinforces your central argument. Select the option you feel the most comfortable with and answer it to the best of your ability. You may find it helpful to write out a brief outline of the essay before you begin writing.Choose ONE (1):Put the development of American civilizations in a global context.  Compare and contrast the formation of American civilizations with the formation of civilizations in Africa, Europe, or Asia.  What major differences can be found between these societies?  List the major similarities that exist in the development of American civilization and civilizations that developed elsewhere in the world.  Why are historians particularly interested in these similarities and what can they potentially tell us about all human societies?Who was chiefly responsible for founding and expanding the Mongol Empire?  Briefly describe this person’s life and how they were able to unite nomadic Mongol clans and be crowned the “Great Ruler of the Mongols.”  Explain how the Mongols were able to achieve such military success and how they were able to form one of the world’s largest empires in Eurasia.  How did Mongols rule in conquered lands and how did they divide the empire following the death of the Great Ruler?Trace the basic outline of Hell in Dante Alighieri’s Inferno. Describe Dante’s concept of contrapasso as it relates to his map of Hell in Inferno. Point to several circles of hell, their occupants, and their punishments; how do those punishments reflect contrapasso? In what ways is Dante’s Inferno a useful source for historians who want to explore the values of Medieval Europe? What medieval values seem to be prized based on your analysis of the book? What sins are among the worst in medieval society? Why?

[BLANK-1] in 1071 was a crushing defeat for the Byzantine Empire. Seljuk Turks broke through Byzantine defenses and opened Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) to Turkish settlement.

According to legend written down in the Kebra Nagast, the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia could trace their rulers’ lineage back to the biblical figure: [BLANK-1]. He had tricked and then impregnated the Ethiopian Queen Makeda (Sheba). When their son, Menilek, reached adulthood this person anointed him crown prince of Ethiopia, thus establishing the Judeo-Christian-based dynasty.

The exceptionally long reign of [BLANK-1] may have led to the fall of Egypt’s Old Kingdom. This pharaoh outlived his own heirs, leading to a succession crisis upon the pharaoh’s death.

Korean general [BLANK-1] was sent to oppose an invasion by Ming China in 1388. After seeing the impressive force of the Ming, he decided that forming a vassal-relationship with the Ming would be more advantageous to Korea (and himself) than fighting. He joined forces with the Ming, returned home to Korea and usurped the throne. This marked the fall of the Koryŏ Dynasty and the beginning of the long-standing Chosŏn Dynasty.

The migration of the [BLANK-1] into Egypt helped to bring about Egypt’s Second Intermediate Period – an era of political fragmentation and decline around 1640-1570 B.C.E.

[BLANK-1] brought an end to the Warring States Period, ruled China during the Qin Dynasty, and – through the powerful minister named Li Si – promoted legalism as a political doctrine.

In the Persian Empire, [BLANK-1] were Persian or local nobles who served as administrators for the empire. They controlled local governments, collected taxes, heard legal cases, and maintained order. These administrators allowed the Persian empire to preserve the peace they had won on the battlefield as the empire expanded