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Mаcy Kаte Fоwler: Initiаl Pоst оn SIRS and Sepsis SIRS and Sepsis Systematic inflammatory response syndrome, SIRS, is an inflammatory bodily reaction that occurs in response to severe stressors that are put onto the body. Stressors can be things such as infection, inflammation, surgery, trauma, and more. These stressors cause an inflammatory reaction that can lead to major damage to body tissues and organs. Additionally, Sepsis may be triggered by SIRS. The term used to describe SIRS originating from a certain infectious source is called sepsis. (Baddam 2025) It is organ dysfunction that can be life threatening as a response to infection in organs and the bloodstream. (Modugula 2025) Sepsis compromises the immune system causing multiple organs to crash. It is a major concern worldwide because of the high risk of death it poses. Etiology and Genetic Risk SIRS is categorized using two different pathways of cause. These are the DAMPs (damage-associated molecular patterns) and PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns). DAMPS occur with necrosis that releases things from the inside of the cell into the extracellular space causing inflammation. PAMPs occur when pathogenic molecules, such as bacteria, trigger the immune system. (Baddam 2025) In SIRS, acute phase reactants are released in order to mediate the reactions caused by the introduction of stressors. Although they are defending the body, an inflammatory reaction is caused leading to organ failure and death. Sepsis occurs when SIRS comes from an infectious source. The symptoms of sepsis are due to chemicals released by the body, not germs alone. (National Library of Medicine) Infections can lead to this response of dysfunction. Sepsis occurs when bacteria is multiplied in the bloodstream resulting in infection that overwhelms the immune system. Bacteria most commonly causes sepsis, but other risk factors may be present. Genetic variations in cytokine or immune response genes can make an individual more at risk for SIRS. It is because of the immune system's tendency to produce an exaggerated response in times of inflammation or infection. Signs and Symptoms SIRS presents with heart rate, cardiac output, and respiratory rate increase, as well as gastrointestinal activity and urine output reduction as the SNS and endocrine system react in alarm. The cardiac, hepatic, respiratory, renal, and digestive systems actively try to make up for the stressor caused to the body. Sepsis presents as SIRS with an infectious origin. Signs of this are organ dysfunction, altered mental status, hypotension, renal issues, or overactivity of the coagulation system. (National Library of Medicine) Diagnostic Assessment SIRS has a criterion for diagnosis that includes four signs. If the patient has two of them present, they meet the criteria for SIRS. These signs are tachycardia, tachypnea, hyperthermia or hypothermia, and leukocytosis or leukopenia. (Capriotti 2024) A patient with sepsis has organ dysfunction, mental alterations, hypotension, hypoxemia, elevated plasma lactate, oliguria, or hypotension. Physical examinations are helpful to guide the testing and identify a source. SIRS can be diagnosed based on vital signs. However, because vital signs can change based on other factors, periodic evaluation of these signs and evidence of continuous issues is important to the diagnosis. It is important to reassess patients in order to see the presentations of organ failure as time passes. Treatment Treatment involves a focus on the underlying cause and etiology and support to prevent progression to organ failure and sepsis. It is essential to diagnose and treat early and to adhere to guidelines for improving outcomes. Treatment involves time sensitive and targeted interventions. Many scoring systems are used to determine severity and level of organ failure. These include APACHE II/III, SOFA, qSOFA, and MODS scores. (Capriotti 2024) Therapies used include hemodynamic stabilization and antiviral and antifungal. Treatment also includes steroid use, maintaining blood glucose, and supportive care. Prevention In order to prevent sepsis, SIRS must be managed and treated. It is also wise to get all of the recommended vaccines in order to prevent the development of sepsis from SIRS. In the hospital setting, hand washing and proper sanitation practices are vital to preventing the development of sepsis. (National Library of Medicine) Prompt removal of things such as catheters and IV lines can also play a role in the prevention of sepsis in the hospital setting. Citations Baddam, Sujatha. “Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome.” StatPearls [Internet]., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 20 June 2025, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547669/. Capriotti, T. (2023). Davis advantage for pathophysiology: Introductory concepts and clinical perspectives (3rd ed.). F.A. Davis. Modugula S;Altenbaugh M;Ivanova M;DuMont T;Arshad H; “Sepsis Epidemiology, Definitions, Scoring Systems, and Diagnostic Markers.” Critical Care Nursing Quarterly, U.S. National Library of Medicine, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40423381/. Accessed 14 June 2026. “Sepsis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia.” MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine, medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000666.htm. Accessed 14 June 2026.
Reаgаn Lоcke: Initiаl Pоst оn Bronchitis Bronchitis Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubules, which is what carries air to and from the lungs. Inflammation in these tubules causes swelling and a bunch of mucus build up, which leads to coughing, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Bronchitis is either diagnosed as an acute or chronic sickness. The form of acute bronchitis usually comes from a viral infection like a cold and typically is gone in a few weeks. On the other hand, chronic bronchitis is a long term condition that is a form of COPD and has consistent inflammation and coughing for a long time. Recent clinical data shows that bronchitis is a common cause of healthcare visits because of its effects on the respiratory function and quality of life. (Cleveland Clinic. 2023) Etiology and Genetic Risk There are different forms of bronchitis that range from acute to chronic bronchitis. Acute bronchitis is the most common and is usually caused by viral infections like influenza A or B, rhinovirus, RSV, and Covid. It can be caused by bacterial infections but this is not as common. Chronic bronchitis is usually caused from a long-term inflammation of the airways. This usually comes from smoking cigarettes or even second hand smoke. The environment can also make these symptoms arise from things such as pollution, dust, and gas smells. This is not particularly a genetic problem but some inherited conditions such as the protein, alpha 1, can increase a person's risk of developing chronic bronchitis. (Cleveland Clinic. 2023) Physical Assessment/ Clinical Manifestations Signs and symptoms of bronchitis depend on whether it is acute or chronic bronchitis. Common symptoms of bronchitis consist of an ongoing cough, mucus, shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and sometimes a low grade fever. When going for a physical assessment, the doctor will listen to your breathing and ask about smoking history. Symptoms usually improve within a couple of weeks if it is acute bronchitis. (Singh et al., 2024) Chronic bronchitis symptoms usually last at least 3 months and even can go as long as two years. Symptoms with chronic bronchitis may even worsen over time and can even affect the everyday living of an individual. It can be as bad as affecting the quality of life somebody has left. Treatment of Bronchitis Treatment of bronchitis depends on the type of bronchitis the person has. Acute bronchitis is treated by slowing down and usually clears up in a few weeks. The treatment consists of self-care, such as, rest, hydration, and medications to help with fever and mucus breakdown. (Singh et al., 2024) Medication is not usually provided unless it is diagnosed as a bacterial infection. Chronic bronchitis treatment is there just to control the symptoms and hopefully ease the pain that comes from it. In more severe cases of chronic bronchitis, a person may receive breathing treatments. The main key, if a smoker, is to completely opt out of smoking so your lungs can try to improve from all the chemicals they were inhaling. Prevention of Bronchitis Ways to prevent bronchitis is to reduce the exposure to the upper respiratory infections and the bad environmental pollution in the air. Some ways to prevent acute bronchitis include washing your hands, staying away from the sick, and staying up to date on vaccines. Avoiding smoking and second hand smoke inhalation is the best way to prevent you from getting chronic bronchitis.(Cleveland Clinic. 2023) People who work around dusty areas and chemical toxins need to find ways to use protective equipment to keep their lungs healthy. The main takeaway is to keep up a very healthy lifestyle and avoid areas that are bad for inhalation to reduce the risk of getting bronchitis. Summary In conclusion, bronchitis is just a common respiratory infection that can either be considered acute or chronic. Acute bronchitis is caused by viral infections and usually better in just a few weeks, while chronic bronchitis is a much longer recovery that can last up to two years. Chronic bronchitis is most commonly attained by cigarette smoke and even secondhand inhalation of the smoke. Common symptoms include coughing, shortness of breath, mucus, fatigue, and even a low grade fever. Keeping a healthy lifestyle after being diagnosed with bronchitis can be a make or break for what type and how fast you can recover from bronchitis. Making sure you keep your lungs in good condition and good environments is really important to be able to avoid ever getting bronchitis. References Cleveland Clinic. (2022, September 8). Bronchitis symptoms & treatment. Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3993-bronchitisLinks to an external site. Cleveland Clinic. (2023, January 24). Chronic bronchitis. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24645-chronic-bronchitisLinks to an external site. Singh, A., Avula, A., & Zahn, E. (2024). Acute Bronchitis. Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448067/Links to an external site.