Midterm I Alternаte Versiоn: 50 pоints Answer аll five prоmpts in the response textbox. Number your аnswers 1 to 5. Each prompt is worth 10 points. 1. Plant cell structures and their functions: 10 points Three treatments affect a plant cell: one weakens its cellulose outer layer, one prevents its green organelles from capturing light, and one reduces the water stored in its large central compartment. Identify the cell structure affected by each treatment. For each structure, explain one normal function and how the treatment would interfere with that function. 2. Mitosis and tissue repair: 10 points Cells beside a small cut in a young plant stem divide to help repair the damaged tissue. A parent cell has 12 chromosomes before its DNA is copied. Explain how mitosis helps the plant repair the tissue. State how many chromosomes each daughter cell normally receives after mitosis, and explain why the parent cell must copy its DNA before dividing. 3. Osmosis, turgor, and active transport: 10 points A piece of wilted leaf tissue becomes firmer after it is placed in fresh water. In a separate process, a root cell takes up mineral ions from a dilute soil solution even though the concentration of those ions is already higher inside the cell. Explain the direction of water movement in the leaf tissue and how that movement increases turgor pressure. Explain why moving the mineral ions into the root cell against their concentration gradient can require ATP, while osmosis does not. 4. Energy transfer between the stages of photosynthesis: 10 points A chloroplast contains stacks of membrane discs surrounded by a fluid region. Both regions are involved in photosynthesis. Identify the stage of photosynthesis that occurs at the membrane discs and the stage that occurs in the surrounding fluid. Name these two locations. Explain how ATP and NADPH made in the first stage support the production of carbohydrate precursors in the second stage. 5. Cellular respiration in a growing root: 10 points An actively growing root consumes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide even though the root receives no light. Identify the main reactants and products of aerobic cellular respiration. Explain how this process supplies ATP for cellular work, and give one example of an activity in the growing root that requires ATP. Grading criteria For each 10 point prompt: biological accuracy, 4 points; completeness, 2 points; explanation and reasoning, 3 points; clarity, 1 point. Address all requested parts. Responses are evaluated on accuracy and explanation, not length.
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