Which patient history most strongly indicates the need for o…
Questions
Which pаtient histоry mоst strоngly indicаtes the need for orbitаl radiography before scanning?
The fоllоwing questiоn will only be shown in the аctuаl exаm, so it is important to collect all the data/information before submitting/disconnecting from your exam. NOTE: The essay question will be graded separately and it is worth 20 points. Complete your work on a blank piece of paper. You will have 30 minutes after you finish your test to finish and submit all the answers for this question and the calculations to the indicated multiple choice questions to the “Exam 2 Part 2” assignment on the "Exams" link. Submit BOTH SIDES of each paper as a single PDF file (preferred) or jpeg file. A population of freshwater snails called the founder generation is introduced into a pond. The population consists of 300 Black (SS) individuals, 400 Gray (Ss) individuals, and 300 White (ss) individuals. Assume the population mates randomly, the genotypes are selectively neutral, and mutation and migration are negligible. Questions: (a) What are the frequencies of alleles S and s in the founder generation? Show your calculations. (4 points). Frequency of allele S = __________________ Frequency of allele s = __________________ (b) Calculate p2, 2pq, q2, and the expected number of SS, Ss, and ss individuals in the population, assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). Show your calculations. Hint: use the p and q values you found above. (6 points). p2 = 2pq = q2 = Expected number Black (SS) = Expected number Gray (Ss) = Expected number White (ss) = Is the founder generation at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Find ALL the values needed to complete the table below and write them down on your sheet. Last row can be left as fractions. The χ2 value was kindly provided by Dr. Holechek’s Grad TA. Hint: The expected frequencies and expected values are the ones you estimated in (b). (4 points, 0.25 per square). Observed and expected genotype counts by phenotype Phenotype Black Gray White Total Genotype SS Ss ss - Observed 300 400 300 Observed Frequency Expected Frequency Expected (O − E)2 / E χ2 = 40 Use the provided χ2 table below to determine whether this population is in HWE at the S locus. (c) What is the P value that corresponds to this Chi-square (χ2) value? (1 point). ______________ (d) Is the population in HWE? Briefly explain your answer. (2 points). ___________________________________________ (e) Mention 3 reasons why most populations are not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. (3 points). 1. 2. 3. Chi-square critical values by degrees of freedom (k) and probability (P) value k Probability (P) Value 0.99 0.975 0.95 0.90 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 1 0.000 0.001 0.004 0.016 2.706 3.841 5.024 6.635 2 0.020 0.051 0.103 0.211 4.605 5.991 7.378 9.210 3 0.115 0.216 0.352 0.584 6.251 7.815 9.348 11.34 4 0.297 0.484 0.711 1.064 7.779 9.488 11.14 13.28 5 0.554 0.831 1.145 1.610 9.236 11.07 12.83 15.09 6 0.872 1.237 1.635 2.204 10.64 12.59 14.45 16.81 7 1.239 1.690 2.167 2.833 12.02 14.07 16.01 18.48 8 1.646 2.180 2.733 3.490 13.36 15.51 17.54 20.09 9 2.088 2.700 3.325 4.168 14.68 16.92 19.02 21.67 10 2.558 3.247 3.940 4.865 15.99 18.31 20.48 23.21 Show both sides of each of the papers you used to the camera before submitting and exiting this part of the Exam. Do not forget to show your work for your questions on the scratch papers. You have up to 30 minutes to complete the essay question and submit your calculations and essay through Exam 2 Part 2.