Which of the following would not be affected by the choice o…

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Which оf the fоllоwing would not be аffected by the choice of аn inventory costing method (thаt is,choosing between FIFO, LIFO, weighted average, and specifi c identifi cation)?

Hepаtitis A, B аnd C Hepаtitis is a viral infectiоn оf the liver that can be acute оr chronic. There are 5 different types of Hepatitis but three of the most common are A, B and C. These 3 virus types can cause a person to become severely ill and without proper treatment type B and C can cause lifelong effects to their liver and to their health. Etiology and Genetic Risk Hepatitis A is transmitted usually through fecal - oral contact and often contracted thru food contamination from lack of hand washing/ hygiene. This infection is often seen in an outbreak vs being widespread due to the nature of transmission. It is primarily an acute infection that does not have long term effects on the liver but in some cases, there is potential for the patient to have a relapse infection. (Matheny & Kingery) Hepatitis B is a blood borne viral infection that is transmitted through contact with infected blood or semen. It can also be transmitted to baby through birth. Although it is an acute infection it can develop into a chronic infection causing liver failure or cirrhosis. There are many people that show serological evidence that they have been exposed to HBV at some point in their life and have been infected. (Sarri, Westby, Bermingham, Hill-Cawthorne, & Thomas, 2013) Hepatitis C is also a blood borne virus that is transmitted through contact with infected blood. It is often seen in chronic IV drug users, the prison population and in the baby boomer population (people born between 1946-1964). Many people are asymptomatic and are only diagnosed after having abnormal lab values that prompt further testing. There are no known genetic risks to contracting HAV, HBV, and HCV due to them being viral infections and being contracted only through their specific mode of transmission. Signs and Symptoms Some people will be asymptomatic while others can have a host of symptoms. These symptoms are the same for all three infections but may be worse or chronic in HCV. Infected patients may experience nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or pale bowel movements, abdominal pain specifically over the liver, worse when palpated, dark colored urine, and yellowing of the skin and eyes called jaundice. Jaundice will be more easily noticed initially in the whites of the eyes. It may cause the patient to itch and in cases where it is extremely high cause them to become confused and disoriented. (Hepatitis: MedlinePlus, n.d.) Physical/ Diagnostic Assessment There are several different diagnostic tests used when a patient is suspected of one of the infections. These tests range from lab work to imaging. Testing often begins with a Hepatic Functions Panel. This test will check for elevated liver enzymes. Elevated liver enzymes are also an indication for further testing in asymptomatic patients that have no known cause for the elevation. This is often how it is caught in Baby Boomers which is why new recommendations are for Baby Boomers to be tested. A Hepatitis Panel is also run to see what kind of antibodies are present. This test can show past and present infection to help determine if there is a current infection process. If the patient is jaundice on presentation a Bilirubin test will also be done. If this level is high you may also notice that your patient is experiencing itching of the skin. (Roche & Kobos, 2004) If the patient is confused or disoriented an ammonia level can also be tested. Increased ammonia levels with the stated symptoms could indicate Hepatic Encephalopathy. (Thangasami, Lalchandhani, & Mathiyalagan, 2016)Imaging is also completed to check for liver changes. These tests include, Abdominal X-ray, Ultrasound, CT or MRI. The goal of these tests is to see what kind of changes the liver has had. Some of these changes for a Hepatitis patient include hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) which can be present on any three of the infections as well as Cirrhosis, liver fibrosis or cancer lesions that would more likely be present in your chronic Hep C patients. Treatment Treatment for these patients will vary depending on the type of Hepatitis present as well as the severity. Hepatitis A often only requires supportive treatment and resolves on its own. Typically, within 2 months. Supportive treatment would include treating the GI symptoms with antiemetics, antidiarrheals, rest and fluids. Most young children will be asymptomatic and not require any treatment. (Hepatitis A Vaccine: What you need to know, n.d.) Treatment for Hepatitis B is based on whether it is acute or chronic. For acute patients the treatment is supportive but for chronic HBV patients antivirals are used (Yapali, Talaat, & Lok, 2014) as well as preventative care to prevent the patient from developing fibrosis, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, or other liver damage. Typically, babies and small children are more likely to become chronic cases than adults. Chronic Hepatitis B and C patients are usually transferred to Gastroenterology or someone who specializes in Hepatology. Treatment for acute HCV patients are the same as HAV and HBV. Treatment for HCV include treating symptoms as well as using protease inhibitor therapies. There are several different drugs that are used to treat HCV such as Harvoni and Epclusa. Preventative care is also important to prevent further liver damage and the potential need for a liver transplant. (Hepatitis C FAQs for Health Professionals, n.d.) Prevention Vaccination and standard precautions are the best preventative measures in preventing contracting these infections. There are HBV and HAV vaccinations available to children and adults. Babies can be vaccinated for HBV at birth. There is no vaccine for HCV but using standard precautions such as using gloves and proper cleaning agents in the healthcare setting. Not sharing needles or having unsafe intercourse can prevent in transmitting this infection from one person to the next. Ultimately prevention and vaccination are the best treatment for HAV, HBV, and HCV. If you have concerns that you could have been exposed to these viruses, have concerning symptoms or want to be vaccinated always follow up with your PCP. References Hepatitis A Vaccine: What you need to know. (n.d.). Retrieved 7 12, 2019, from CDC: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/downloads/vis-hep-a.pdf Hepatitis C FAQs for Health Professionals. (n.d.). Retrieved 7 12, 2019, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/HCV/HCVfaq.htm Hepatitis: MedlinePlus. (n.d.). Retrieved 7 12, 2019, from https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hepatitis.html Matheny, S., & Kingery, J. (n.d.). Hepatitis A. Am Fam Physician, 86(11). Retrieved 7 12, 2019, from http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1201/p1027.html Roche, S. P., & Kobos, R. (2004). Jaundice in the adult patient. American Family Physician, 69(2), 299-304. Retrieved 7 12, 2019, from http://aafp.org/afp/2004/0115/p299.html Sarri, G., Westby, M., Bermingham, S. L., Hill-Cawthorne, G. A., & Thomas, H. C. (2013). Diagnosis and management of chronic hepatitis B in children, young people, and adults: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ, 346. Retrieved 7 12, 2019, from https://bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f3893 Thangasami, S., Lalchandhani, A., & Mathiyalagan, N. (2016). Evaluation of Serum Ammonia in Hepatic Encephalopathy Patients and Its Correlation with Clinical Severity. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology research, 5(5), 2185-2190. Retrieved 7 12, 2019, from http://ghrnet.org/index.php/joghr/article/view/1787/2205 Yapali, S., Talaat, N., & Lok, A. S. (2014). Management of Hepatitis B: Our Practice and How It Relates to the Guidelines. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 12(1), 16-26. Retrieved 7 12, 2019, from https://sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/s154235651300606x