In respоnse tо elevаted blоod glucose levels, betа (β) cells in the pаncreas release insulin, a regulatory hormone. Insulin signals body cells to take up glucose from the blood, which returns blood glucose levels back to normal. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder that destroys β-cells, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. Researchers have proposed that diabetes could be treated by implanting human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) that have been induced to develop into β-cells (hESC-β). To test the proposed treatment, the researchers set up two groups of genetically identical mice and implanted the mice from one group with hESC-β cells. Several weeks after the hESC-β implant, both groups of mice were given a drug (STZ) that selectively destroys the naturally occurring mouse β-cells but does not affect the implanted hESC-β cells. Figure 1 shows a comparison of average blood glucose levels in both groups of mice. The figure presents a graph of two lines in a coordinate plane. The horizontal axis is labeled “Time After S T Z Administration, in weeks,” and the numbers 0 through 6 are indicated. The vertical axis is labeled “Blood Glucose, in milligrams per 100 milliliters,” and the numbers 0 through 600, in increments of 100, are indicated. A key is provided and shows that one line represents Mice without h E S C beta implants and that the other line represents Mice with h E S C beta implants. There is a data point plotted for each week after S T Z Administration, and each point has a vertical error bar. For each line, the approximate vertical axis value will be provided with their error bar values by line and week. Note that all values are approximate. Mice without h E S C beta implants. 0 weeks. 130 milligrams per 100 milliliters. There is no error bar. 1 week. 250 milligrams per 100 milliliters. The error bar extends from 150 to 350. 2 weeks. 290 milligrams per 100 milliliters. The error bar extends from 230 to 352. 3 weeks. 320 milligrams per 100 milliliters. The error bar extends from 230 to 410. 4 weeks. 250 milligrams per 100 milliliters. The error bar extends from 210 to 290. 5 weeks. 300 milligrams per 100 milliliters. The error bar extends from 220 to 380. 6 weeks. 275 milligrams per 100 milliliters. The error bar extends from 180 to 370. Mice with h E S C beta implants. 0 weeks. 50 milligrams per 100 milliliters. There is no error bar. 1 week. 50 milligrams per 100 milliliters. The error bar extends from 25 to 75. 2 weeks. 48 milligrams per 100 milliliters. The error bar extends from 23 to 73. 3 weeks. 50 milligrams per 100 milliliters. The error bar extends from 25 to 75. 4 weeks. 51 milligrams per 100 milliliters. The error bar extends from 26 to 76. 5 weeks. 48 milligrams per 100 milliliters. The error bar extends from 23 to 73. 6 weeks. 46 milligrams per 100 milliliters. The error bar extends from 21 to 71. Figure 1. Average blood glucose levels in mice after STZ treatment. Error bars indicate standard deviation. In a continuation of the experiment, the researchers removed the hESC-β implant from one of the mice 16 weeks after STZ treatment. Figure 2 shows the blood glucose levels in the mouse over the duration of the experiment. The figure presents a scatterplot, with 19 data points, in a coordinate plane. The horizontal axis is labeled “Time After Implantation of h E S C beta Cells, in weeks,” and the numbers 0 through 36, in increments of 4, are indicated. The vertical axis is labeled “Blood Glucose, in milligrams per 100 milliliters,” and the numbers 0 through 600, in increments of 100, are indicated. Three points of the line are labeled, from left to right, Cells Implanted, S T Z Administered, and Implant Removed. The Cells Implanted point is graphed at the point with coordinates 0 weeks comma 130 milligrams per 100 milliliters. The S T Z Administered point is graphed at the point with coordinates 16 weeks comma 50 milligrams per 100 milliliters. The Implant Removed point is graphed at the point with coordinates 32 weeks comma 55 milligrams per 100 milliliters. Figure 2. Blood glucose levels for an individual Based on the data in Figure 2, which of the following best justifies the researchers’ claim that hESC-β implants can functionally replace the mouse’s naturally occurring β-cells?
Eаch cell is bоunded by visible cell wаlls аnd cоntains a large central vacuоle that occupies most of the cell volume. Label A points to a cell in the upper left region of the image that contains a rounded, darkly stained nucleus and dispersed genetic material within the cytoplasm. Label B points to a cell in the center of the image that contains two groups of darkly stained chromosomes, with one group positioned near the top of the cell and another group positioned near the bottom of the cell, with the ends of the chromosomes oriented toward the center of the cell. Label C points to a cell in the lower left region that contains a rounded, darkly stained nucleus similar to the cell at label A. The cells display various stages of the cell cycle, with darkly stained nuclei and chromosomes visible in different configurations throughout the tissue. This image is most accurately described as a cell in ______.