What title of a Frost poem explains its last line, “And that…
Questions
Whаt title оf а Frоst pоem explаins its last line, “And that has made all the difference”?
Reаding 3 Whether tо аttrаct a mate, tо lоok good for others, or to boost self-confidence, people have tried for thousands of years to enhance their looks. Cosmetics made from animal, plant, and mineral products were first used in ancient Egypt, as early as 4000 BC. The Egyptian queen Cleopatra wore a deep red lipstick made of finely crushed beetles and ant eggs in a base of beeswax. Since many of the products used in makeup had a foul odor, women often doused themselves with heavy perfume in order to mask the stench. The most recognized characteristic of Egyptian makeup is probably kohl, a dark substance Egyptians used to outline their eyes. People at all levels of Egyptian society—men, women, and children—used kohl, which included lead, copper, burned almonds, and soot. These materials were ground to a powder and then mixed with the oil from animal fat so that the substance would adhere to the skin around the eyes. In more modern times, attitudes toward appearance and cosmetics underwent a series of changes. In the Middle Ages (1066–1485), Church leaders said that wearing makeup was sinful, though many women disagreed. One example is 13th century Italian women, who wore red lipstick to indicate they were upper class. Later, from about 1500 to 1900, the lower classes in Europe and elsewhere had to work outside in the fields. Daily exposure to the sun gave them a suntan, something the privileged upper classes lacked. So a pale skin became associated with higher status. As a result, both men and women—Queen Elizabeth I is a famous example—tried to lighten their skin. They made themselves look paler by bleeding themselves or by using paints or powders that contained white lead or arsenic, even though it was then widely known that lead and arsenic could be poisonous. This whitening proved fatal to many women—and even to many of their husbands. During the strictly moral Victorian Age (1837–1901), Queen Victoria of England publicly declared makeup to be improper and vulgar—acceptable only for actors. Women then achieved a pale complexion by using a parasol to keep the sun off their faces. And sometimes they applied just a bit of rouge or rubbed their cheeks to give them a healthy-looking pink. In the 1920s, French fashion designer Coco Chanel started a trend when she got sunburned while vacationing on the French Riviera. Her fans liked Coco’s look and tried to imitate it. So tanned skin came to be viewed as a sign of wealth and status, rather than of poverty. Later in the 20th century, women saw makeup used extensively in the movies, in ads, and on television. They wanted to wear makeup too, and pricing made it affordable for all social classes. In the 1970s, several companies began creating makeup specifically to enhance the rich tones of dark skin. Today, women—and also men—in the United States spend about 20 billion dollars a year on tanning, makeup, hair color, nail polish, and other products to improve their appearance. Which sentence best expresses the main idea of the passage?
Reаding 2 Thоmаs Jeffersоn аnd Jоhn Adams—two signers of the Declaration of Independence who later became presidents of the United States—had an extraordinary, though unlikely, friendship. In many ways, the two men seemed to have little in common. Jefferson, an aristocrat from Virginia, owned slaves. Adams, a member of the middle class from Massachusetts, considered slavery an abomination. Jefferson—quiet and tactful—was generally well liked by his colleagues. Adams—passionate and outspoken—was often unpopular. The two men differed even in physical appearance. Jefferson was tall and slim; Adams was medium height and somewhat stout. Jefferson and Adams had one very important thing in common, however. Each wanted the best for the United States, putting the fledgling country’s well being ahead of his personal desires. The two men served together on some important committees, including the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence. Adams was the first and the strongest advocate of independence from Great Britain. However, he recognized that Jefferson—due to his superior writing ability and his popularity—was the best person to write this significant document. Adams heartily praised the document Jefferson drafted, and persuaded the Continental Congress to approve it with only minor changes. Both men served in President George Washington’s administration. Adams was vice president, and Jefferson was secretary of state. Even so, they often disagreed over political matters. Adams wanted a strong central government, an idea shared by others who eventually formed the Federalist Party. Jefferson supported individual liberty, as did others who formed the Democratic-Republican Party. Adams and Jefferson also disagreed about France, which had helped the United States win the Revolutionary War. Jefferson wanted to help the French in their own fight to govern themselves. Adams, however, was reluctant to involve the newly formed United States in a foreign war. The political rivalry between Jefferson and Adams intensified when they vied for the presidency in 1796. At that time, presidential and vice-presidential candidates did not run as a team. Instead, the candidate receiving the highest number of electoral votes became president; the second-place candidate became vice president. With 71 electoral votes, Adams was elected president. With only three fewer votes, Jefferson became vice president—even though the two men belonged to different political parties. The election of 1800 again pitted Jefferson and Adams against each other. This time, Jefferson defeated Adams by eight electoral votes, a defeat that Adams took bitterly. The two men did not communicate for eleven years. Then in 1812, after Jefferson, too, had retired from public life, Adams decided that he had missed his old friend long enough. He wrote Jefferson a letter, the first of 158 letters in a correspondence that would continue for the rest of their lives. These honest, intelligent men enjoyed sharing their ideas and considering viewpoints other than their own. Although Adams was seven years older than Jefferson, he often predicted that he would outlive his younger rival. When Adams died at ninety years of age, his last words were reported to have been “Thomas Jefferson survives.” In fact, Jefferson had died just a few hours earlier. Both men died on July 4,1826, the fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. An inference that we can draw from the passage is that John Adams
Reаding 2 Thоmаs Jeffersоn аnd Jоhn Adams—two signers of the Declaration of Independence who later became presidents of the United States—had an extraordinary, though unlikely, friendship. In many ways, the two men seemed to have little in common. Jefferson, an aristocrat from Virginia, owned slaves. Adams, a member of the middle class from Massachusetts, considered slavery an abomination. Jefferson—quiet and tactful—was generally well liked by his colleagues. Adams—passionate and outspoken—was often unpopular. The two men differed even in physical appearance. Jefferson was tall and slim; Adams was medium height and somewhat stout. Jefferson and Adams had one very important thing in common, however. Each wanted the best for the United States, putting the fledgling country’s well being ahead of his personal desires. The two men served together on some important committees, including the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence. Adams was the first and the strongest advocate of independence from Great Britain. However, he recognized that Jefferson—due to his superior writing ability and his popularity—was the best person to write this significant document. Adams heartily praised the document Jefferson drafted, and persuaded the Continental Congress to approve it with only minor changes. Both men served in President George Washington’s administration. Adams was vice president, and Jefferson was secretary of state. Even so, they often disagreed over political matters. Adams wanted a strong central government, an idea shared by others who eventually formed the Federalist Party. Jefferson supported individual liberty, as did others who formed the Democratic-Republican Party. Adams and Jefferson also disagreed about France, which had helped the United States win the Revolutionary War. Jefferson wanted to help the French in their own fight to govern themselves. Adams, however, was reluctant to involve the newly formed United States in a foreign war. The political rivalry between Jefferson and Adams intensified when they vied for the presidency in 1796. At that time, presidential and vice-presidential candidates did not run as a team. Instead, the candidate receiving the highest number of electoral votes became president; the second-place candidate became vice president. With 71 electoral votes, Adams was elected president. With only three fewer votes, Jefferson became vice president—even though the two men belonged to different political parties. The election of 1800 again pitted Jefferson and Adams against each other. This time, Jefferson defeated Adams by eight electoral votes, a defeat that Adams took bitterly. The two men did not communicate for eleven years. Then in 1812, after Jefferson, too, had retired from public life, Adams decided that he had missed his old friend long enough. He wrote Jefferson a letter, the first of 158 letters in a correspondence that would continue for the rest of their lives. These honest, intelligent men enjoyed sharing their ideas and considering viewpoints other than their own. Although Adams was seven years older than Jefferson, he often predicted that he would outlive his younger rival. When Adams died at ninety years of age, his last words were reported to have been “Thomas Jefferson survives.” In fact, Jefferson had died just a few hours earlier. Both men died on July 4,1826, the fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. According to the passage, Jefferson