What is the significance of the Hawthorne Studies? What did…
Questions
Whаt is the significаnce оf the Hаwthоrne Studies? What did researchers learn frоm it?Be specific to at least one experiment.
1In preindustriаl fаmilies, . . . а gооd index оf neglect and indifference is found in journals kept by local doctors. 2All of these doctors complained about parents leaving their infants and young children alone and untended for much of the day. 3Rashes and sores from unchanged swaddling clothes afflicted nearly all infants. 4Repeated accounts tell of children burning to death because they were left too close to an open hearth, and reports of unattended infants being eaten by barnyard pigs are frequent. 5In the part of France where silkworms were raised, a peasant proverb acknowledged that children were neglected during the busy season: “When the silkworms rise, the kids go to paradise.” 6Indeed, throughout Europe, rural infants were most likely to die during the harvest season, when they were most neglected. 7Even when parents were around their infants, they ignored them. 8Mothers rarely sang or talked to their infants when they tended them, nor did they play games with them as the children grew older. 9In fact, mothers didn’t even refer to children by name, calling a child “it” or, in France, “the creature.” . . . 10Because of the high rates of infant mortality, it might be understandable that parents were somewhat reluctant to form intense emotional bonds with their babies. 11But in some parts of France, parents typically did not attend funerals for children younger than 5, and there is widespread evidence that infant deaths often caused little if any regret or sorrow. 12Instead, parents often expressed relief at the deaths of children, and many proverbs reflected this attitude. 13Moreover, dead and even dying infants were often simply discarded like refuse and were frequently noticed “lying in the gutters or rotting on the dung-heaps.” 14Large numbers of legitimate infants whose parents were still living were abandoned outside churches or foundling homes. 15Some scholars suggest that as many as half of the children abandoned in parts of France during the eighteenth century were abandoned by intact families. Choose the sentence that best expresses the implied main idea.
In the eаrly dаys оf rаdiо, оne factor that kept FM radio from developing as much as AM was that more people had AM receivers than FM receivers. Radios that could receive both AM and FM had not yet become popular, and it was not possible to pick up FM on a standard AM radio. Moreover, many of the same people who owned AM stations owned FM stations; to simplify the programming effort, they would broadcast the same show over both frequencies. Third, after World War II, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) moved FM from the place it had originally occupied on the broadcast spectrum; this made all existing FM radios useless. Choose the sentence that best expresses the implied main idea.