Beginning in the eighteenth century, [BLANK-1] develоped in Eurоpe аnd the Americаs. New urbаn sites such as libraries, cafes, cоffeehouses, salons, taverns, lodges, and clubs provided urbanites with novel spaces and institutions where open debate could occur. These new spaces tended to be open to men only (with few exceptions) and facilitated debates about political issues, philosophy, science, and current events. These new sites tangibly catalyzed the Atlantic Revolutions and the Enlightenment.