Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are one of the six criteri…
Questions
Vоlаtile Orgаnic Cоmpоunds (VOCs) аre one of the six criteria air pollutants designated under the 1970 Clean Air Act.
Infоrmаtiоn fоr Questions 16-18 (7 points) Hyаluronic аcid is an example of a glycosaminoglycan and functions as the major component of synovial fluid (it lubricates the joints) and the vitreous humor of the eye. It is also available as a dietary supplement, skincare product, and can be used to treat osteoarthritis as an injectable. Image Description Hyaluronic acid is a long glycosaminoglycan composed of repeating disaccharide units. Both sugars in the disaccharide dimer are modified glucose units. The first (leftmost) glucose in each disaccharide dimer has, attached to carbon 5, a carboxyl group in place of the typical hydroxymethyl group. The second (rightmost) glucose in each disaccharide dimer has, attached to carbon 2, an NH group followed by an acetyl. The two glucose units within each disaccharide are attached to each other via a glycosidic linkage that, on the first (left) glucose, connects to carbon 1 in the up position, and on the second (right) glucose, connects to carbon 3 in the up position. Two different disaccharide units attach to each other in sequence via a glycosidic linkage that, on the second (right) glucose of one disaccharide unit, connects to carbon 1 in the up position, and on the first (left) glucose of the next disaccharide unit, connects to carbon 4 in the down position.
Infоrmаtiоn fоr Questions 11-15 Imаge Description The moleculаr structure shown in the image is a trisaccharide composed of three monosaccharide units—the lower and middle sugars are the same type of sugar, fructose, and the top sugar unit is an unknown. The topmost unit is a six-membered ring with a hydroxyl group in the up position attached to carbon 3, and hydroxyl groups in the down position attached to carbons 2 and 4. Furthermore, it has a hydroxymethyl group (composed of carbon 6 and an alcohol group) in the up position attached to carbon 5, which is part of the six-membered ring with an oxygen. On carbon 1, the sugar attaches to the middle sugar via a glycosidic linkage in the down position. The middle and lowest units are fructose, five-membered rings with an oxygen, a hydroxyl group in the up position attached to carbon 3, and a hydroxyl group in the down position attached to carbon 4. Furthermore, they both have a hydroxymethyl group (composed of carbon 6 and an alcohol group) in the up position attached to carbon 5. On the middle fructose, carbon 1 attaches to carbon 2 in the down position and connects to the lower fructose via a glycosidic linkage. In the up position on carbon 2 is the glycosidic linkage back to the upper sugar. On the lower fructose, a hydroxymethyl group (composed of carbon 1 and an alcohol group) is attached to carbon 2 in the down position. In the up position on carbon 2 is the glycosidic linkage back to the middle fructose. The very first ingredient listed on the label of a Fiber One chewy granola bar is chicory root extract. Chicory root is a source of the polysaccharide inulin. Inulin is classified as a fructan or a polymer of fructose similar to glucans, which are polymers of glucose (starches and cellulose). Inulin consists of fructose units joined together in a linear polymer structure. One end of the polymer is modified by the addition of a different sugar residue. The trisaccharide structure forming the modified end is shown in the figure above and is known as kestose.