Cоmpаre the luminоsities оf а `а` magnitude to a `b` magnitude star*. You will then use your answer to interpret the next question. Please read and comply with my (not optional) input instructions. Hint: See equation sheet in the exam instructions for guidance. Input Instructions: In typing your answer, only type a number rounded to one decimal place (i.e. 350.475 would be written as 350.5). Do not include any units, E, words, or scientific notation. Seriously, just a number. Use standard comma placement if necessary. If your answer does not match my answer exactly, you will not receive credit. *If any technical issue prevents you from typing into the input box, just write out your answer following the same input instructions in the bonus section at the end of the exam.
Fitness-Relаted Injuries 1 There аre twо bаsic types оf injuries stemming frоm fitness-related activities: traumatic injuries and overuse injuries. Traumatic injuries occur suddenly and violently, typically by accident. Typical traumatic injuries are broken bones, torn ligaments and muscles, contusions, and lacerations. If your traumatic injury causes a noticeable loss of function and immediate pain or pain that does not go away after 30 minutes, consult a physician. 2 Doing too much intense exercise, or doing too much exercise without variation, can increase the likelihood of overuse injuries. Overuse injuries are those that result from the cumulative effects of day-after-day stresses placed on tendons, muscles, and joints during exercise. These injuries occur most often in repetitive activities such as swimming, running, bicycling, and step aerobics. The forces that occur normally during physical activity are not enough to cause a ligament sprain or muscle strain, but when these forces are applied daily for weeks or months, they can result in an injury. 3 First aid treatment for virtually all personal fitness injuries involves RICE: rest, ice, compression, and elevation. Rest, the first component of this treatment, is required to avoid further irritation of the body part. Ice is applied to relieve pain and constrict the blood vessels to stop any internal or external bleeding. Ice should be applied to a new injury for approximately 20 minutes every hour for the first 24 to 72 hours. Compression of the injured body part can be accomplished with a 4- or 6-inch-wide elastic bandage; this applies indirect pressure to damaged blood vessels to help stop bleeding. Be careful, though, that the compression wrap does not interfere with normal blood flow. Throbbing or pain in the injured part indicates that the compression wrap should be loosened. Elevation of an injured extremity above the level of your heart also helps to control internal or external bleeding by making the blood flow upward to reach the injured area. —Donatelle, Health: The Basics, pp. 343–345 In paragraph 2, the word cumulative means