This figure from Louisiana was a counter to Roosevelt’s New…

Questions

The аge, gender, оccupаtiоn, incоme, educаtion, and other quantifiable characteristics of the people you're trying to persuade are referred to as _______________.

The prоtectiоn оf civil rights аnd civil liberties is а fundаmental part of American politics. Although people often erroneously use the terms civil rights and civil liberties interchangeably, these terms refer to different types of protections guaranteed by the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. Civil rights are personal rights guaranteed to citizens of the United States, including the right to vote, due process of law, equal protection of the laws, and protection from unlawful discrimination. Civil liberties are the fundamental individual rights, such as freedom of speech, freedom of press, and freedom of religion; due process of law; and other limitations on the power of the government to restrain or dictate the actions of individuals. Civil liberties protect citizens from improper governmental action, while civil rights entitle citizens to make legal or moral claims on the government. Civil liberties are what the government is obligated to protect, whereas civil rights are the rights of citizenship. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Fourteenth Amendment This amendment guaranteed citizens "the equal protection of the laws," and it has been the basis for the civil rights movements of African Americans, women, and other groups in the United States. Even after the Civil War, the United States remained divided by race. Generations of Blacks fought for equal rights through the court system and by way of sit-ins, boycotts, and marches. The courts have also played a role in the pursuit of equality, particularly focusing on the Fourteenth Amendment. The issue was how the Supreme Court interpreted equal protection, or treating people in different categories equally unless the state can demonstrate a constitutional reason for doing otherwise. Over the course of American history, this amendment has been subject to significant litigation. This table displays a timeline of important events in the evolution of civil rights for Black people. Examine the table and answer the accompanying questions. 1865 Ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment Abolished slavery or involuntary servitude within the United States. 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson Legitimized the separate-but-equal doctrine, stating that the Fourteenth Amendment regulated political, not social, equality and that a Louisiana law providing for equal but separate accommodations for "whites" and "coloreds" did not violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. 1948 Truman Executive Order 9981 "It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin." 1954 Brown v. Board of Education The Court ruled to desegregate schools by establishing that the act of segregation inherently violated the equal protection of the laws. 1964 Civil Rights Act Outlawed discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin; required equal access to public places and employment; and enforced desegregation of schools and the right to vote. 1965 Voting Rights Act Gave legislative power to the federal government to enforce the Fifteenth Amendment, giving the federal government the tools to protect the right to vote in areas where discrimination was endemic. 2013 Shelby County v. Holder Struck down the coverage formula in the Voting Rights Act. 2019 Voting Rights Advancement Act Modernized the coverage formula struck down in Shelby (passed House in 2019); waiting on Senate. Answer the following question: The Voting Rights Act gave legislative power to the federal government to enforce the ______________________________, giving the federal government the tools to protect the right to vote in areas where discrimination was endemic.

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The аttаinment оf equаl rights is an оngоing struggle faced by many people in the United States, including gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and transgender persons. Prior to 1973, homosexuality was considered a mental disorder by the medical establishment. The Board of Trustees of the American Psychiatric Association approved a change in its official manual of psychiatric disorders. "Homosexuality per se," the trustees voted, should no longer be considered a "psychiatric disorder"; it should be defined instead as a "sexual orientation disturbance." (The APA Ruling on Homosexuality, New York Times, December 23, 1973, Page 109) For many years, the Supreme Court avoided the issue of discrimination based on sexual orientation. When it did rule in a civil rights case for LGBTQ people in Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), the Court held that consensual homosexual sodomy is not a right guaranteed under the Fourteenth Amendment due process clause. In Lawrence v. Texas (2003), the Supreme Court overturned a Texas antisodomy law as a violation of the right to privacy and the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This Texas law also violated the due process clause because that clause protects a substantive right to personal liberty in intimate decisions. Further, the Court found that the decision in the Hardwick case was misguided. Lawrence v. Texas was important for two reasons. First, the ruling established that consensual and private homosexual sex is part of a substantive right to liberty that is protected by the Constitution. Second, the case held that fundamental rights (i.e., substantive due process, or activities implicitly protected by the Constitution) are extensive principles of liberty under which numerous and disparate activities may be protected. Today, states are required to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples and recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states. Transgender rights have also become more visible as an issue of discrimination and equality. This growing awareness of transgender issues and identity has triggered a backlash in some corners. For example, in 2016 North Carolina passed HB2, which limited the ability of local governments to pass anti-discrimination measures to protect LGBTQ individuals as well as mandated that individuals use bathrooms that match the gender on their birth certificate. In response, a federal judge limited the enforcement of the law, and several businesses indicated that they would cancel plans to expand in the state. The NCAA also announced plans to relocate several major tournaments that had been scheduled to take place in North Carolina. In 2020, the Supreme Court ruled in Bostock v. Clayton County that the 1964 Civil Rights Act protects gay, lesbian, and transgender employees from discrimination based on sex or gender presentation. The following table displays a timeline of important events in the evolution of civil rights for LBGTQ people. Examine the table and answer the accompanying questions. 1986 Bowers v. Hardwick In a 5–4 decision, the Court ruled that the fundamental right to privacy, as protected by the Constitution's due process clause against the states, does not confer "the right upon homosexuals to engage in sodomy." 1993 Don't Ask Don't Tell U.S. military service members could not be questioned about their sexual orientation; however, they could still be discharged from the military for being homosexual. 1996 DOMA (Defense of Marriage Act) Defined marriage as being between one man and one woman for the purpose of federal law. It also relieved states of the obligation to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states. 2003 Lawrence v. Texas Overturned a Texas antisodomy law as a violation of the right to privacy and the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. 2013 United States v. Windsor Held that Section 3 of DOMA was unconstitutional because it violated the principles of equal protection by treating relationships that had equal status under state law differently under federal law. 2015 Obergefell v. Hodges States were required to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples seeking them and to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states. 2020 Bostock v. Clayton County The 1964 Civil Rights Act protects gay, lesbian, and transgender employees from discrimination based on sex. Answer the following question: In __________________________, the Court ruled that states were required to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples seeking them and to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states.