The null hypоthesis is typicаlly а clаim оf "nо effect" or "no difference."
There аre twо essаys in this sectiоn. Eаch essay cоntains one question from each philosopher we covered in this Module of the term. Choose one of the two essays and complete each question for that essay. Do not try to answer all of the questions in both essays. If you answer both I will only grade the first essay. Bring out as much detail and accuracy in your response for each question within the essay you have chosen to assure maximum credit for your response. Essay Number One: Provide some of your own unique illustrations of circumstances Hume would describe as making issues of justice superfluous (non-applicable). Explain the difference for Kant between hypothetical imperatives and the categorical imperative, and provide at least one example of each type of imperative. Create your own example of an ethical dilemma and show how it would be solved through the method of Bentham's utilitarian calculus. Why does Kierkegaard consider Abraham the paradigm example of an individual on the level of the religious self? What is the most significant epistemic problem with the religious self, and how does Kierkegaard attempt resolve this problem? Are you satisfied with Kierkegaard's solution? How does Nietzsche distinguish master morality from slave morality. Provide one example of human behavior that Nietzsche would characterize as reflective of each type. How are art and ethics similar for Sartre? How does this relate to Sartre's example of a young man torn between the duty to help his distraught mother and the duty to help his country in a time of war? Essay Number Two: Why is Hume considered a forerunner of utilitarianism? Explain Kant's position on treating others as a means to an end. Provide an illustration of an ethical dilemma and show how it might be solved through Kant's attitude towards treating others as a means to an end. What distinction does Mill make to greatly improve Bentham’s original formulation? Provide some of your own unique illustrations of this distinction. How does Mill defend critics of utilitarianism with respect to religion? How does Kierkegaard describe each stage in the three stages of the self, and provide an example of each stage. What does Nietzsche mean by eternal recurrence and why might it be plausible? Why does Nietzsche think we need to be a creator of our own values? What is the difference between acting in bad faith and acting authentically for Sartre and provide your own unique examples of each type of behavior.