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Questions
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BOT 2011C — Plаnt DiversityMidterm I: Mоdules 1–5Tоtаl: 50 pоints Instructions: Answer аll five questions in your own words. Use short, organized responses that address every requested part. Explain biological processes rather than only listing definitions. Evolutionary Change and Plant Species — 10 points A river divides a flowering-plant population, reducing gene flow between the two sides. One side becomes drier than the other. Explain how natural selection could cause the populations to differ over generations. Describe how reduced gene flow could contribute to their divergence, and identify one type of evidence that would indicate reproductive isolation. Phylogeny and Classification — 10 points Two plants look similar, but a phylogenetic analysis supported by DNA and several anatomical traits places them in different evolutionary lineages. Distinguish homologous traits from analogous traits. Explain how convergent evolution could account for the plants’ similar appearance. Define a monophyletic group. Cyanobacteria and Chloroplast Origins — 10 points Cyanobacteria influenced Earth’s atmosphere and played an important role in the evolutionary origin of chloroplasts. Explain how cyanobacterial photosynthesis contributed to increasing atmospheric oxygen. Describe the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts and identify two features of modern chloroplasts that support this explanation. Algal Diversity and Aquatic Ecosystems — 10 points Nutrient runoff enters water containing diatoms, dinoflagellates, and green algae. A large algal bloom develops, followed by declining dissolved oxygen. Choose two of these algal groups and describe one distinguishing feature of each. Explain how nutrient enrichment can promote a bloom and why microbial decomposition following the bloom can reduce dissolved oxygen. Charophytes and Early Land Plant Adaptations — 10 points Land plants share several cellular features with charophyte green algae. Bryophytes also have adaptations for life on land, although their fertilization still requires water. Describe one cellular feature shared by charophyte green algae and land plants. Explain how retaining and protecting the developing embryo benefits bryophytes on land, and why their sperm still need water to reach the egg. Grading Criteria Each question is worth 10 points: Biological accuracy — 4 points: Facts, mechanisms, and biological terms are correct. Application and integration — 3 points: Concepts are connected and applied to the question. Scientific reasoning and justification — 2 points: Explanations support conclusions rather than only naming terms. Clarity and organization — 1 point: The response is understandable, organized, and addresses the requested parts. Responses are evaluated on accuracy and explanation, not length.