Section 1: Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting (SPQ) acco…

Sectiоn 1: Summаrizing, Pаrаphrasing, and Quоting (SPQ) accоrding to APA 7th edition guidelines CLOs 2 and 3 10 points Instructions: Please carefully read the article provided and complete the tasks outlined below. Please ensure all parts of the this section are completed in accordance with APA style formatting requirements. Heading in Sports Linked to Higher Risk of Brain Diseases Jasmin Skelly 7 January 2026 BBC (*the article is adapted for exam purposes*) Professional soccer players and American football stars are at much greater risk of developing dementia. What can we do to help them? If you're a football player, there's nothing quite like the rush of leaping towards a ball hurtling towards you at great speed, heading it into the net, and scoring a goal for your team. Yet evidence is mounting that repeatedly doing so can lead to brain damage that manifests decades later as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and motor neurone disease. The dangers of contact sports have actually been known about for almost 100 years. In 1928, US pathologist Harrison Martland published a scientific article arguing that, "for some time, fight fans and promoters have recognised a peculiar condition occurring among prize fighters which, in ring parlance, they speak of as 'punch drunk'."    Symptoms included a staggering gait and mental confusion, and were most common in "fighters of the slugging type, who are usually poor boxers and who take considerable head punishment". In some cases, punch-drunkenness progressed to dementia, later classed as "dementia pugilistica" – a type of dementia occurring in boxers who have experienced repeated head injury. At first, it was thought the problem was confined to boxing. But in recent decades that understanding has changed. In 2002, West Bromwich Albion and England soccer player Jeff Astle died at the age of 59 following a diagnosis of early onset dementia. In the US meanwhile, American football player Mike Webster died suddenly age 50 after experiencing cognitive decline and other Parkinson's-like symptoms. In both cases, examination of the sports stars' brains showed they had died from chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) – a more modern term replacing the diagnosis of dementia pugilistica.   "CTE is a really specific form of degenerative brain pathology, because we only see it in people with a history of head injuries or head impacts," says Willie Stewart, a consultant neuropathologist at the University of Glasgow, UK. However, it isn't just CTE. Heading the ball is also linked to other degenerative brain conditions too. As part of the ongoing Football's Influence on Lifelong health and Dementia risk (Field) study that he is running, in 2019, Stewart and his team examined the health records of nearly 8,000 Scottish former professional football players and compared them to 23,000 members of the general population. The study found that former professional footballers are five times more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease; four times more likely to suffer from motor neurone disease; and twice as likely to develop Parkinson's disease compared to people of the same age in the general population. Overall, cutting down on heading the ball is necessary; However as always, prevention is the best cure.    Q1. Article Summary: Write a concise summary of the entire article in 120-140 words. Ensure your summary adheres to APA style guidelines and the principles of summary writing taught in class. (3 marks) Q2. Paraphrasing: Rewrite the article's last paragraph in your own words, making sure to follow APA style guidelines for formatting. (5 marks) Q3. Identify a quote from the article “Heading in Sports Linked to Higher Risk of Brain Diseases” that illustrates that heading the ball linked to increased risk of premature death. (2 marks)