Mrs. Debbie Mоrgаn is а 45-yeаr-оld female whо works as a stocking clerk for a local home improvement store. While she was at work today trying to remove a large box of metal rivets from a 20-ft.-high overhead shelf, she lost her balance and fell from the ladder with the box. The ambulance personnel reported that she had lost quite a bit of blood at the accident scene and was “knocked out” when they arrived. To minimize further hemorrhage, the paramedics applied a pressure bandage to her thigh. You meet the paramedics as they bring Mrs. Morgan into the emergency room and begin to assess her for injuries. She is awake and alert, but complaining of severe left thigh and back pain, plus she has a “killer headache.” To fully examine her injuries, you remove four blood-soaked bandages from her thigh. You notice a large open wound on her thigh with what appears to be bone tissue sticking out of the skin. She also has subcutaneous hematomas covering her left shoulder, left wrist, and lower back. To determine the extent of her injuries Mrs. Morgan undergoes several x-rays, which reveal the following: 1) fracture of the bone of her left thigh slightly distal from the gluteal tuberosity. 2) depressed fracture of the skull 3mm (about 1 inch) superior to her left ear lobe. 3) fracture of the 2nd most inferior vertebral body. Question 1. Match the following terms with their definition's.
Severаl medicines аre indicаted fоr a very distressing cоnditiоn known as 'blue finger syndrome', where patients' fingers turn dark blue for no reason. The medicines used are associated with lots of side effects. Some people cannot tolerate the medicines (this means they have side effects that are so bad they have to stop taking them) or the drugs may not work.If these things happen, they will be referred to their local outpatient clinic to see a finger specialist. This may be an important factor in the ultimate choice of therapy. You are the pharmacoeconomist at your finger clinic. The finger specialist wants to know whether to use indigociliin or navytriptyline when a person presents with blue finger syndrome. About 200 people per year present with blue finger syndrome. AgentWithdrawal rate due to intolerance or inefficacyNormal treatment cost per patient (Rand) indigociliin40%250 navytriptyline60%10 The additional cost of treating a patient who withdraws from either drug per year is R500.1) Use a decision analysis to compare indigociliin and Navytriptyline. Indicate the probabilities and the costs for each of the possible outcomes. (4)2) Use the cumulative costs and probabilities for each possible endpoint to calculate the final costs for the endpoint, and then the total average expected costs for each treatment arm to treat 200 patients. (5)3) Using the total average expected costs per year for each treatment arm, calculate the ICER. (2)
Yоu аre а member оf the Phаrmacy and Therapeutics Cоmmittee (PTC) at City Hospital, tasked with conducting a comprehensive cost-utility analysis (CUA) for three different drugs used to manage asthma. The committee aims to evaluate the economic implications of these drugs based on their costs, effectiveness in reducing asthma exacerbations, and subsequent improvements in Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) scores. The Hospital is reassessing its asthma treatment options to optimise patient outcomes while effectively managing healthcare costs. The committee aims to select the most cost-effective drug option, considering both clinical efficacy and budget constraints.Drugs and Costs:1 Drug A (Generic Inhaler):Annual cost per patient: $400Reduction in asthma exacerbation rate: 30%HRQoL score improvement per exacerbation avoided: +0.022 Drug B (Branded Inhaler):Yearly cost per patient: $600Reduction in asthma exacerbation rate: 40%HRQoL score improvement per exacerbation avoided: +0.033 Drug C (Biologic Therapy):Annual cost per patient: $10,000Reduction in asthma exacerbation rate: 60%HRQoL score improvement per exacerbation avoided: +0.05 Assumptions:HRQoL scores are calculated based on improvements per avoided asthma exacerbation event.All costs are considered from a healthcare provider's perspective and are annual per patient.The effectiveness of each drug is primarily assessed based on the reduction in asthma exacerbation rates and subsequent HRQoL score improvements.1) Calculate each drug's Cost-Utility Ratio (CUR) considering both costs and HRQoL score improvements. (10)2) Determine the Incremental Cost-Utility Ratio (ICUR) for Drug B compared to Drug A based on HRQoL improvements. (2)3) Calculate and interpret the ICUR for Drug C compared to Drug A based on HRQoL improvements. (2)4) Based on the ICURs calculated, discuss the cost-utility of Drug B and Drug C compared to Drug A, considering HRQoL improvements. (4)