Flоridа Internаtiоnаl University PH.D. IN PUBLIC AFFAIRS PROGRAM Cоmprehensive Examination Fall 2025 Method Day (10 AM – 2 PM) Answer the questions below. You need to address all parts of each question to which you are responding. Give equal attention to both sections. You are expected to provide coherent and thoughtful responses. Park, S., & Liang, J. (2024). The effectiveness-equity tradeoff when resources decline: Evidence from environmental policy implementation in the U.S. states. Public Administration Review, 84(5), 888-903. Park_Liang 2024.pdf Quantitative Section Question 1: Define measurement validity and external validity and discuss the article’s strengths and weaknesses in this regard. How could the study have been improved with respect to these two dimensions? Question 2: a) What are interaction effects, and what do we use them for? Provide an example unrelated to the article and explain how interaction effects work. Replace Y, X, and M in the following equation with variables of your choice and explain how to interpret β2 and β3: Y = β0 + β1 X + β2 M + β3 X*M + e. b) Back to the Park-Liang article: Explain Figures 4a and 4b: What is the purpose behind using them, what do they depict (explain what we see), and what can we conclude from these figures? Question 3: The article uses fixed effects and variable changes (Δ). Explain why this strengthens the study’s internal validity. In retrospect, what would be one specific adjustment that would have strengthened the study’s internal validity even further? Explain this adjustment in detail. Qualitative Section Question 4: You are asked to design a qualitative study to complement Park and Liang’s (2024) study on implementation of environmental policies in the U.S. States. a) If you were asked to use the case study method to study how state agencies can mitigate the negative consequences of spending cutbacks on socially vulnerable communities, which state agency/agencies would you select for your research design? Explain your process for selecting the state agency/agencies. b) Which data collection methods would you use? Explain the rationale for these methods and provide details on each. c) Explain how you would prioritize these data collection methods. Would you conduct them concurrently or in stages? Explain your rationale. d) How would you ensure the confirmability of your findings? Which strategies would you use?
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