Match the eye structures to the numbered layer they are asso…
Questions
Mаtch the eye structures tо the numbered lаyer they аre assоciated with.
Befоre the Refоrmаtiоn, the Cаtholic Church wаs the only spiritual authority in medieval Europe. The Protestant Reformation changed that when the German monk Martin Luther challenged the authority of the Church by questioning the practice of selling indulgences (papers that promised to shorten one's stay – or that of a loved one – in purgatory). Luther argued against the practice of buying or earning forgiveness. He believed that salvation was a gift God gives to people who have faith. Reformers like Luther proposed the idea that individual believers should be less dependent on the pope and priests for spiritual guidance and salvation. Instead, Protestants believed people should take personal responsibility for their faith and their relationship with God and refer directly to the Bible for spiritual wisdom. Luther's activism in Germany inspired other reformers. John Calvin was a French pastor, considered among the greatest figures of the Protestant Reformation. Calvin's teachings influenced the beliefs of the Puritans, who eventually established the New England colonies in what would become the United States. Protestant reform in England began with Henry VIII in 1534. The Pope refused to grant him an annulment from his first wife Catherine so he could remarry. Eventually, King Henry rejected the Pope's authority, and created the Church of England under the rule of the king. Henry closed England’s monasteries and took their lands and great wealth. Over the next 20 years, there was religious conflict in England as Henry's daughter Mary brought back Catholicism in England and persecuted Protestants, only to have Elizabeth I, her sister, lead England back toward Protestantism during her long reign. Source: Martin Luther, 1517. Luther wrote to the Archbishop of Mainz protesting the sale of indulgences to finance the building of a new cathedral. Papal indulgences for the building of St. Peter's are circulating under your most distinguished name…I grieve over the wholly false impressions which the people have conceived from them-- the unhappy souls believe that if they have purchased letters of indulgence they are sure of their salvation (life after death with God), that so soon as they cast their contributions into the moneybox, souls fly out of purgatory (where souls go to be "cleansed" after death); furthermore, there is no sin too great to be absolved, that a man is free, through these indulgences, from all penalty and guilt… For this reason I have no longer been able to keep quiet about this matter, for it is by no gift of a bishop that man becomes sure of salvation… it is the first and the sole duty of all bishops that the people should learn the Gospel and the love of Christ, for Christ never taught that indulgences should be preached. How great then is the horror, how great the peril of a bishop, if he permits the Gospel to be kept quiet, and nothing but the noise of indulgences to be spread among his people! QUESTIONS: 1. What were the objections Luther had towards indulgences and their use by church officials? 2. According to the reading, what was the impact of the Protestant Reformation on medieval Europe? Use specific examples. Your answer must be in your own words. Your answer must be a minimum of 75 words.
The Ottоmаn Empire grew rаpidly аfter the cоnquest оf Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire, by Mehmed II (The Conqueror) in 1453. The Ottomans renamed the city Istanbul and made it their capital, cementing their status as a major global power and controlling vital trade routes. The empire's success relied heavily on the Janissaries—an elite, highly disciplined infantry unit composed of Christian boys captured during the wars of conquest. Janissary troops were trained to use new gunpowder weapons and artillery, making the Ottomans one of the first gunpowder empires. The empire reached its peak of political power, economic wealth, and cultural achievement under Suleyman I, known in the West as "The Magnificent" and in the East as "The Lawgiver". Suleyman pushed the boundaries of the empire deep into Europe. Under his reign, the Ottoman navy dominated the Mediterranean Sea and controlled North Africa and the Red Sea. Suleyman established legal codes that regulated the government, stabilized taxation, protected the rights of minorities, and reduced corruption. He was also a major patron of the arts, poetry, and architecture. Following Suleyman's death in 1566, the empire entered a long period of decline. European powers rapidly caught up and surpassed Ottoman military technology. A succession of weak, inexperienced sultans led to political instability. Power shifted to corrupt court factions and a rebellious Janissary corps that resisted necessary military reforms. Advances in science and technology, along with political and military organization and techniques that occurred in Europe were unknown to the Ottomans. Corruption and social conflict gradually undermined the government. QUESTIONS: 1. According to the reading, what factors led to the expansion of the Ottoman Empire? 2. What led to their ultimate decline? Your answer must be in your own words- do not use direct quotes. Your answer must be a minimum of 75 words.