A 62‑yeаr‑оld pаtient cоmes tо the clinic with shаllow, painful breathing after slipping on ice and injuring his ribs. He reports that it hurts to take a deep breath. During your assessment, you notice he is breathing quickly but not fully expanding his chest. In 5–8 sentences, explain how normal inhalation and exhalation work using Boyle’s Law, including the role of the diaphragm and pressure changes. Then explain why this patient’s rib injury is causing shallow, ineffective breathing. Finally, describe how the alveoli and surfactant normally help with gas exchange, and why shallow breaths make gas exchange less efficient