Directiоns: Chооse the аppropriаte аnswer or answers to identify the pattern or patterns in each reading. Boys and girls tend to respond differently when their parents divorce. Boys often express their hurt and frustration in outward ways, tending to become more aggressive and disobedient while the separation and divorce are occurring. Because divorce usually causes boys to lose regular contact with their fathers, the parent with whom they identify most strongly, problems with their mothers very often intensify. Mothers typically react by using either authoritarian or permissive parenting styles with their sons, suggesting that they are either trying to reassert control or have given up trying altogether. Both styles can further erode the mother/son relationship. Girls, on the other hand, usually become less aggressive when their parents divorce. They also tend to become more worried about their schoolwork and more attentive to their chores, suggesting that they are expressing their hurt and frustration inwardly and trying to help by acting more responsibly. As a result, their relationships with their mothers tend to improve. According to one study, around six years after a divorce, mothers and daughters had usually established close, positive relation-ships. However, divorce also seems to produce one negative consequence for daughters: a preoccupation with their relationships with males. Girls with divorced parents are more likely to date and engage in sexual relations at an early age, and they are more likely to get pregnant and have difficult relationships with males during their teenage years. (Adapted from Kelvin L. Seifert et al., Lifespan Development, 2nd ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000, p. 311.)
Directiоns: Chооse the аppropriаte аnswer to identify the pattern or patterns in each reading. Dogs are mammals, so are squirrels and people. Because mammals come in a bewildering variety of sizes and shapes, the question is what characteristics define the class known as mammals? The answer to that question has several parts because mammals have a number of defining characteristics. Mammals are vertebrates. That means they have a backbone. Mammals are also warm-blooded, have lungs, and breathe in air. Mammals are the only animals with real hair and the ability to produce milk. A mammal’s heart and lungs are divided from the stomach by a wall of muscle called the diaphragm. Mammals also have different types of teeth that are appropriate for different uses. Then, too, and not to be forgotten, mammal brains are more highly developed than the brains of other animals.