CS 132 Final Cheat Sheet for (initialization; test; update)…
Questions
CS 132 Finаl Cheаt Sheet fоr (initiаlizatiоn; test; update) { statement(s); ... } if (test) { statement(s); } else if (test) { statement(s); } else { statement(s); } while (cоndition) { statement(s); } type name(parameters) { statement(s); ... return expression; } Math Description fabs(value) absolute value sqrt(value) square root round(value) Rounds to the nearest whole number pow(b, e) base to the exponent power User Input Description getline(cin, variable) reads an entire line of input as a string and stores in variable cin >> variable reads a single token and stores in variable as whatever type variable is declared as Random Description rand() random integer from 0 to max number srand(time(0)) Seeds random with the current time Strings String function name Description string(1, chr) converts a character into a string s.append(str) Adds str onto the end of s s.erase(index, length) Removes length number of characters starting at index s.find(str) s.rfind(str) Returns the starting position of str in s (first occurrence for find, last for rfind). Returns string::npos otherwise. s.insert(index, str) Inserts str into s starting at index s.length() or s.size() Returns the number of characters in s s.replace(index, len, str) Replaces length characters starting with the character at index with str. s.substr(start, length) or s.substr(start) Returns a substring of s. Does not alter s. Character Function Description tolower(ch1) Returns ch1 in lowercase toupper(ch1) Returns ch1 in uppercase isalnum(ch1) Returns true if ch1 is alphanumeric isalpha(ch1) Returns true if ch1 is alphabetic isdigit(ch1) Returns true if ch1 is a decimal digit islower(ch1) Returns true if ch1 is a lowercase letter ispunct(ch1) Returns true if ch1 is a punctuation character isspace(ch1) Returns true if ch1 is white-space isupper(ch1) Returns true if ch1 is an uppercase letter Streams Stream function Description f.clear(); resets stream's error state, if any f.close(); stops reading file f.eof() returns true if stream is past end-of-file (EOF) f.fail() returns true if the last read call failed (e.g. EOF) f.good() returns true if the file exists f.get() reads and returns one character f.open("filename");f.open(s.c_str()); opens file represented by given C string (may need to write .c_str() if a C++ string is passed) f.unget(ch) un-reads one character f >> var reads data from input file into a variable (like cin);reads one whitespace-separated token at a time getline(f&, s&) reads line of input into a string by reference;returns a true/false indicator of success Vectors vector member functions Description v.push_back(value); appends value at end of vector v.pop_back(); removes the value at the end of the vector v.clear(); removes all elements v[i] or get(i) returns a reference to the value at given index, get throws an exception if i is out of bounds, [] doesn't v.insert(iterator, value); inserts given value at the index the iterator points to v.empty() returns true if the vector contains no elements v.erase(start, stop); removes values from start iterator position (inclusive) to stop iterator (exclusive) v[i] = value; replaces value at given index v.size() returns the number of elements in vector v.begin() returns an iterator pointing to the beginning v.end(); returns an iterator pointing to the end v.cbegin(); returns a const iterator pointing to the beginning v.cend(); returns a const iterator pointing to the end v.rbegin(); returns an iterator pointing to the beginning that moves backwards v.rend() returns an iterator pointing to the end that moves backwards Classes .h file template: #ifndef _classname_h #define _classname_h class ClassName { public: // in ClassName.h ClassName(parameters); // constructor returnType name(parameters); // member functions returnType name(parameters); // (behavior inside returnType name(parameters); // each object) private: type name; // member variables type name; // (data inside each object) }; #endif .cpp File Template: #include "ClassName.h" // member function returnType ClassName::methodName(parameters) { statements; } Operator Overloading General Template returnType operator op(parameters); // .h returnType operator op(parameters) { // .cpp statements; }; Printing: ostream& operator