There аre twо оptiоns for question 41 on this exаm, аnd you can choose which one you will answer. Your options for which question to answer are shown below. Read these questions, then take a mental note of which one you prefer to answer. Option A: Describe in detail the 4 steps of the ventilation cycle (quiet inspiration and quiet expiration). For each of the 4 steps, incorporate alveolar, intrapleural, and atmospheric pressures, as well as the contraction/relaxation of any muscle(s) involved, and the direction of airflow (or indicate if air is stagnant). Hint: start at rest BEFORE the first inspiratory breath. Your answer should be detailed, comprehensive, and specific. Tip: You may want to use your scratch paper to diagram or illustrate your thoughts as you brainstorm your answer. Option B: Describe in detail the steps of pulmonary gas exchange and tissue gas exchange. Include PO2 and PCO2 in the alveoli and the pulmonary arteries and the pulmonary veins, and in the body tissues and the systemic arteries and systemic veins. Make sure to indicate in what direction each gas is diffusing. Your answer should be detailed, comprehensive, and specific. Tip: You may want to use your scratch paper to diagram or illustrate your thoughts as you brainstorm your answer.
Instructiоns: Reаd the Cоmpаrisоn/Contrаst essay below. The essay is missing a title, a thesis statement and concluding paragraph. This question and the following two questions refer to the essay. Title? Before visiting the United States for the first time, I was a little scared because I knew I would find here people with values and customs different from mine. After a few days of living in the U.S and sharing some experiences with Americans, I was surprised and delighted with the many points in common between American culture and Haitian culture. Missing thesis statement The first noticeable difference between both cultures regards family. First, the definition of “family” differs when talking about their family, for Americans generally think of their immediate family, which is the parents and their children. That is the impression I have gotten from the Americans I have met since I came to the United States. On the other hand, when Haitians talk about their family, they generally think about a more extended idea of family. When I think of my family, for example, I think of not only my parents, brothers, and sister, but also my grandparents, aunts uncles, and cousins. Second, when the children grow up, they frequently leave their parents’ home and go to live in another city. For this reason, American families do not get together with much frequency. In contrast to Americans, the members of Haitian families tend to live close to one another, most likely in the same city. This fact allows them to have a closer relationship and share more fun times together, and help one another. For example, while American families meet only on special dates or occasions like Christmas, Thanksgiving, weddings, and funerals, Haitian families also meet on Sundays to have lunch and socialize together, or they take vacations together during holidays and on days off. Indeed, unlike American families, Haitian families have closer relationships among all of their family members. The second noticeable difference between us pertains to friendship. To begin with, social distance has different rules in each culture. In America, the people are so concerned about respecting other people’s privacy that friends always keep some distance from each other. That is, they usually maintain physical distance between each other. Also, Americans usually avoid asking for help from their friends unless it is absolutely necessary. Unlike Americans, Haitians consider a friend, almost like a relative. It is perfectly normal to come physically close to friend, give him or her a hug or a kiss, or shake his or her hand. Because Haitians believe that a friend is a person one can rely on if there is a problem, they would not hesitate in asking a friend for help. Another contrast between both cultures is the relationship between neighbors. While the relationship between neighbors in America is usually limited to just greetings, in Haiti, neighbors generally become friends. For example, in the place I live, the neighbors may drop over for coffee in the afternoon and socialize with us. They would also offer their help if we need it. For example, they look after our home when we are traveling on vacation. In this respect, the American concept of friendship is different from the Haitian one. The final difference addresses rules of politeness. First, these cultures differ with regard to directness. For example, Americans tend to be very direct. They get to the point with no preamble. Sometimes, this direct way of saying things may be considered rude by people from other cultures. It is not that Americans are impolite. On the contrary, they are very polite because they always say thank you and please, and they try to moderate their statements by using tactful expressions. However, in Haitian culture, people tend to make a few statements suggesting the point before getting to it, so the person is somehow prepared to hear what is going to be said. Another difference between both cultures’ approach to rules of politeness involves some questions of topics that people are not supposed to ask or to talk about. In American culture, it is considered impolite to ask another person about his or age, especially if she is a woman. Also, people should avoid talking about certain topics like religion, salary, or weight. In contrast, asking about age or talking about religion, salary, and weight in Haitian culture is not an offense. Consequently, it is acceptable for a friend to ask another friend how much she or he weighs or what her or his salary is. It is important for Americans and Haitians to be aware of these differences in politeness in order to avoid misunderstandings. (Missing concluding paragraph) Write a relevant title in the space below. Be sure to write the title accurately.