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You are interested in collecting Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) from a cancer patient to track tumor recurrence. What is the most recent (last) step in the process of metastasis (the Invasion-Metastasis cascade) that a cancer cell must have completed in order to be a CTC?

Ms. Nganu is a 56 y/o woman with newly diagnosed breast cancer that is estrogen receptor positive. You are providing informed consent for tamoxifen and she asks you how does tamoxifen work. What is the mechanism of action of tamoxifen?

Which of the following drugs binds selectively to a mutated BRAF?

Which of these is a high risk HPV serotyping

This cervical biopsy image represents: 

In 2016, Novartis received FDA approval to use LEE011 (ribociclib), in combination with letrozole, for the treatment of HR+ HER2– breast cancer. LEE011 is a specific inhibitor of G1 CDK complexes. Reduced phosphorylation of which of the following proteins best explains the underlying mechanism of the antineoplastic activity of LEE011?

?Which tumor has the most molecular changes (mutations) 

A 75-year-old male comes to your office with blood in his stool; colonoscopy reveals a circumferential colon mass that upon resection shows the below histology. Your diagnosis is: 

For a patient at home under hospice care who is in heart failure, emergency technicians are______________

A patient with a large breast mass and matted axillary lymph nodes has a needle biopsy which demonstrates infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast. The tumor is estrogen receptor negative but expresses Her-2-neu. A decision is made to give chemotherapy before surgery using traditional chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide and taxotere with trastuzumab (Herceptin) in an effort to reduce the tumor size and make it resectable. This approach is called.