Case Study #3a   Scenario Doug was a young single guy who on…

Case Study #3a   Scenario Doug was a young single guy who on occasion had casual sexual encounters with women he met while out in bars. A few months after one such encounter, during a dentist’s appointment, the hygienist noted what looked like a series of small bumps on the back and side of Doug’s tongue, which had not been noted in his chart before.   Signs and Symptoms At his next visit, the bumps had expanded into lesions and Doug mentioned them as a concern. The dentist noticed that his tonsil on the side of the tongue lesions was swollen, as were the lymph nodes. He prescribed an antibiotic, which Doug took. The lesions didn’t get better but they also got no worse. A few weeks later Doug developed a stubborn sore throat, so he went to see his family physician.   Testing When Doug’s doctor saw the lesion at the back of his tongue, he sent Doug for an oral brush biopsy procedure. When the biopsied tissue was stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain, the pathologist noted a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. A second sample was obtained by scalpel biopsy and tested for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA, specifically HPV-16 and HPV-18. The results were returned as positive for viral DNA.   Question: Why did the antibiotics not improve Doug’s condition?

In our HyFlex class discussion, we completed an exercise whe…

In our HyFlex class discussion, we completed an exercise where students self-defined their leadership style on the Blake & Mouton Leadership Grid, allowing Dr. S to create a summary of styles across the class on the Grid (blue dots representing each individual style). This exercise showed that your self-defined styles (in aggregate) would most likely replicate what you will see in most corporate settings in the future – in relation to how the class styles were plotted on the Leadership Grid.

The plaque (microbial biofilm) that forms between your teeth…

The plaque (microbial biofilm) that forms between your teeth is a highly anaerobic (oxygen-free) environment, even though the mouth is one of the most aerobic habitats in the body and most of the bacteria living there can use oxygen if it is available. Why is there no oxygen in the plaque between your teeth?