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A/an ________________ occurs when a patient has been discharged from a healthcare facility but later has to be admitted again for the same condition.

Read the abstract provided below and determine the type of review: Abstract The Behavioral Model of Health Services Use by Ronald M. Andersen and colleagues is the most widely adopted theoretical framework for analyzing and predicting health care utilization. Among other things, it is employed in the German Federal Health Reporting since 2001. It differentiates need factors, predisposing factors and enabling factors both on the contextual level and the individual level as determinants of individual health services use. From the viewpoint of social epidemiology, one of the key strengths of the Behavioral Model is its capability to systematize and empiricize equity and inequity in the access to health services by specifying need vs. predisposing and enabling factors. This strength could be even promoted by including direct effects on utilization of psychological factors (besides social factors) as contributing to inequity. Another strength of the Behavioral Model since its fifth version is that it conceptualizes need factors, predisposing factors and enabling factors both on the contextual level and the individual level in a structurally equivalent manner. Thus, not only are theoretically consistent multilevel models possible on the predictor side, but general theories of action and behavior from sociology and psychology are more easily applied on the behavior of professionals working in health policy and services. On the side of health-related behaviors (as mediating factors) and the outcomes of the model (including, since its sixth version, quality of life), the question is why these are represented as individual entities only, thus excluding relevant prevalences and incidences only from the scope of the model. Here, the Behavioral Model could be further developed by integrating assumptions of the Basic Behavioral Epidemology Model by Thomas von Lengerke and colleagues which – following the micro-micro-model of sociological explanation – allows the description and explanation of collective outcomes. Finally, regarding the empirical and statistical application of the Behavioral Model, improvements are possible by use of the methodological differentiation between mediation and moderation. For instance, it should be clarified whether only enabling factors, which according to classical social ecology tend to moderate associations between other variables (in the present case need factors and utilization), may be conceptualized and modelled as effect modifiers, or predisposing factors as well. In the context of data analyses oriented by the Behavioral Model, this would have direct implications for specifying hierarchical models and relevant interaction terms.

Table 1 shows the cost per QALY figures for a number of interventions. Imagine that you must decide how many of these interventions to introduce in a health authority. The Interventions listed are independent, which means that more than one can be implemented.  *Note: This is for illustrative purposes only, the figures presented are not valid and reliable.     Table 1. Cost and cost per QALY gained for a set of independent interventions. Interventions Cost per QALY gained (USD $) Number of individuals who would receive the intervention  Intervention cost per person per annum (USD $) Hip replacement 1,677 94 30,000 Kidney transplant 6,706 612 78,000 Haemodialysis at home 24,590 105 35,000 Breast cancer screening 7,397 2,890 300 Beta-interferon 809,900 5 20,200 Smoking cessation 890 1,100 240 Social media campaign for physical activity 81,537 5,000 11   Suppose that your health authority has an annual budget constraint of $52 million. Which interventions would you introduce? (Multiple answers; select all that apply) *Hint: Work out the annual cost of implementing each intervention and rank the interventions from lowest to highest QALY per gained.  

The goal of increasing value in healthcare cannot be achieved simply by decreasing unit prices for services, because providers could simply increase the volume of services to make up for the lower unit prices. Thus, the movement toward value-based healthcare must include payment reform that rewards efficiency of resource utilization and care delivery.

Which of the following is not identified in the class discussion as a key element of clinical innovations to eliminate waste?

In class, we argue that value should define performance in healthcare; this value should be structured around the patient and based on outcomes. 

Which of the following best describes an accountable care organization (ACO)?

Which of the following best describes a reliable healthcare service?

What is a ‘process’ measure of staff performance in a nursing home?

Which of the following is not a part of the ‘triple aim’ in healthcare?