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______ (also called in vivo) and ______ are both types of experimental research not conducted on humans. _______ _______

a. Is the abstract below an example of primary or secondary research? b. If primary identify the research design utilized and if secondary, identify the type of article (literature review, systematic review, or meta-analysis)  c. Explain WHY you chose the type of article/type of research identified in part b. d. how much did consuming SSB for 7 or more times per week increase cancer specific mortality? ________________________________________________________________ The evidence linking sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake and mortality risk is conflicting, and associations between various SSB subtypes and mortality remain unclear. We sought to examine the association between baseline SSB intake, subtypes of SSB intake, and mortality risk in women. Participants of the California Teachers Study (n = 100,314; median age = 53 years) free of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes at baseline (1995-1996) were followed from 1995 to 2015. Baseline SSB intake was defined as caloric soft drinks (regular soft drinks, not diet soda), sweetened bottled waters or teas, and fruit drinks; and was derived from a self-administered food frequency questionnaire. Mortality was ascertained via annual linkage with state- and nationwide mortality records and the National Death Index over 20 years. There were a total of 14,143 deaths over 20 years (30.5% from cardiovascular disease; 29.2% from cancer). In women who consumed ≥ 7 servings/week of SSBs at baseline (4% of participants), the multivariable-adjusted HRs were not significant for all-cause, cardiovascular disease-specific, or cancer-specific mortality. Consuming ≥ 7 servings/week of baseline caloric soft drink was associated with a higher risk of all-cause (HR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.46; P for trend = 0.02) and cancer-specific (HR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.63; P for trend = 0.08) mortality. In secondary analyses, consuming ≥ 1.5 c/day of baseline SSBs was associated with all-cause mortality (HR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.24; P for trend = 0.01). Although the baseline frequency of total SSB intake was not significantly associated with mortality, consuming ≥ 7 servings/week of caloric soft drinks was associated with higher risk of all-cause and cancer-specific mortality. Findings support public health efforts to reduce caloric soft drink consumption.

a. Are there any significant results? If so, which P values are significant? How do you know if a result is significant? b. Are there any highly significant results? If so, which P values are significant? How do you know if a result is highly significant? c. what type of study design was used here? How do you know? ________________________________________________________________ Twilight and low luminance levels are visually challenging environments for the elderly, especially when driving at night. Carotenoid rich diets are known to increase macular pigment optical density (MPOD), which in turn leads to an improvement in visual function. It is not known whether augmenting MPOD can lead to a decrease in vision related night driving difficulties. Additionally, it is unknown if carotenoid supplementation provides additional measurable benefits to one’s useful field of view (UFOV) along with a decreased composite crash risk score. Participants received either a 14 mg zeaxanthin/7 mg lutein-based supplement  or placebo. Thirty-three participants (26 males/7 females) participated with 93% capsule intake compliance in the supplemented group (n = 24) and placebo group (n = 9). MPOD (mean/standard error SE) in the active group increased in the Right eye (p < 0.001) and in the Left eye (p > 0.05). The supplemented group showed significant improvements in contrast sensitivity with glare in both eyes with improvements in LogMAR scores of 0.147 (p = 0.02) and 0.149 (p = 0.01). Monocularly tested glare recovery time improved 2.76 and 2.54 s, respectively, (p = 0.008 and p = 0.02), and we also noted a decreased preferred luminance required to complete visual tasks (p = 0.02 and 0.03). Improvements in UFOV scores of divided attention (p < 0.001) and improved composite crash risk score (p = 0.004) were seen in the supplemented group. The placebo group remained unchanged. The NVC demonstrates that augmenting MPOD in individuals with difficulty in night vision showed measurable benefits in numerous visual functions that are important for night vision driving in this small sample RCT. Additionally, we observed an improvement in UFOV divided attention test scores and decreased composite risk scores.

a. Is the abstract below an example of a primary of secondary publication? If secondary, what type and how do you know? If primary, what is the research design? Explain why you identified that particular research design. b. Are there any significant results? Which ones and how do you know? (can just list the numbers and explain) c. Are there any highly significant results? Which ones and how do you know? (can just list the numbers and explain) ____________________________________________________________ Although artificial and non-nutritive sweeteners are widely used and generally recognized as safe by the US and European Union regulatory agencies, recent studies report that fasting plasma levels of erythritol, a commonly used sweetener, are associated with heightened incident cardiovascular disease risks. Effects of dietary erythritol on thrombosis phenotypes in humans have not been examined. We tested the impact of erythritol or glucose consumption on multiple indices of stimulus-dependent platelet responsiveness in healthy volunteers (n=10 per group). Participants ingested either 30 grams of erythritol or glucose in a beverage.  Dietary erythritol (30 g), but not glucose (30 g), lead to a >1000-fold increase in erythritol plasma concentration (P

Read the abstract below, then select the BEST option to describe this publication. ________________________________________________ Low intake of micronutrients is associated with health-related problems in nursing home residents. As their food intake is generally low, it is expected that their micronutrient intake will be low as well. The nutrient intake of 189 residents (mean age 85.0 years) in five different Dutch nursing homes was measured based on 3-day direct observations of intake. Micronutrient intake, without supplementation, was calculated using the Dutch food composition table. Intake was compared to the estimated average requirement (EAR) or adequate intake (AI) as described in the Dutch dietary reference values. A low intake was defined as >10% not meeting the EAR or when the P50 (median) intake was below the AI. Vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, B6, folate, B12, C, D, E, copper, iron, zinc, calcium, iodine, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and selenium were investigated. Our data showed that vitamin and mineral intake was low for most assessed nutrients. An AI was only seen for vitamin B12 (men only), iodine (men only), and phosphorus. A total of 50% of the population had an intake below the EAR for riboflavin, vit B6, folate, and vitamin D. For reference values expressed in AI, P50 intake of vitamin E, calcium, iodine, magnesium, potassium, and selenium was below the AI. To conclude: micronutrient intake in nursing home residents is far too low in most of the nursing home population. A “food-first” approach could increase dietary intake, but supplements could be considered if the “food-first” approach is not successful. 

a. Is the abstract below an example of a primary of secondary publication? If secondary, what type and how do you know? If primary, what is the research design? Explain why you identified that particular research design. b. MS risk was decreased by what % among those who drank green tea? ____________________________________________________________ Research is lacking on the relationship between consuming black and green tea as beverages containing polyphenols and the risk of MS. Here we aimed to determine the association between the consumption of green and black tea, coffee, non-alcoholic beer, milk, fruit juices and carbonated beverages with the risk of MS. This study was performed on 150 patients with MS and 300 healthy individuals as a control group among patients who were referred to the ophthalmology ward of a referral hospital in Ahvaz with the groups matching for age. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire including demographic information and beverage consumption. The mean age of patients at the time of diagnosis was 38.55 ± 8.88 years. The results showed that drinking milk (OR = 5.46), natural juice (OR = 2.49), and carbonated beverages (OR = 16.17) were associated with an increased chance of developing MS. However, drinking non-alcoholic beer (OR = 0.48), black tea (OR = 0.20), green tea (OR = 0.29) and coffee (OR = 0.07) were associated with a reduced chance of developing MS. The results show that drinking black and green tea, non-alcoholic beer, and coffee are associated with a decrease in the chance of developing MS. 

Using the information below, complete the citation in AMA style: January 2021 J Trace Elem Med Biol Pages 70-84 Volume 20 doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2015.05.006 Issue 6 Nutritional Determinants of Macular Pigment  Herrera Juan, Lima Jean, Medeiros Alejandro, Figueiredo Hank, Andrade Raul, Ururahy Maria, Rezende Anton, Brandão-Neto Jorge, Almeida Miguel

The nurse educator is educating a group of nursing students on Hepatitis B. Which of the following is true of Hepatitis B? Select all that apply.

Explain the major difference between a systematic review and a meta-analysis.

The nurse prepares a brochure for the wellness clinic discussing hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for patients. Which of the following information should she include in the brochure?