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Selecting and tuning controller parameters so that the response meets transient and steady-state specifications is part of control-system _____.

A state-space model of an nth-order system consists of n simultaneous first-order differential equations.

Transfer-function models apply to linear, time-invariant systems with zero initial conditions.

The unit-step responses of two systems are compared below (System A – green (gradually becomes parallel to the blue line as time increases), System B – purple; the input is the blue line). System A has a slower transient response than System B.

A potentiometer (a variable resistor) can convert an angular position into a proportional voltage for use as an input transducer.

For the same two responses below (System A – green (gradually becomes parallel to the blue line as time increases), System B – purple): If eliminating steady-state error matters more than response speed, System A is the preferred design.

Because a sensor is present in the loop, noise entering the feedback path has no effect on the output of a closed-loop system.

Adding an output sensor and a comparison (summing) junction converts an open-loop architecture into a closed-loop architecture.

An open-loop system can correct for a disturbance that is injected between its controller and the plant.

A lawn-sprinkler timer that waters every morning for 20 minutes, regardless of soil moisture, is a closed-loop system.