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____are segments of the population whose members have a relatively similiar portion of desirable belongings, and who share attitudes, values, and norms.

According to social structure theory, the root cause of crime can be directly traced to:

The contagion effect is an aspect of mental disorders and crime.

According to the author, the most important of Shaw and McKay’s findings was that:

Robbers generaly choose targets close to their homes or in areas to which they routinely travel.

The concept behind rational choice theory is that crime is a function of  a decision making process in which the potential offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act.

Rational choice theory has roots in the positivist school of criminology.

The concept of situational crime prevention suggests that desperate people may contemplate crime, but only the truly ____ will attack a well-defended, inaccessible target and risk strict punishment.

_____reflects the view that criminality is a product of abnormal biological or psychological traits.

The rationale for using “three strikes” sentencing policies relies on: