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During a physical therapy session, a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis reports that they are experiencing difficulty sleeping flat on their back and having frequent morning headaches over the past week. These signs and symptoms are MOST likely related to which impairment?

The etiology / pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is BEST described by which of the following?

At the initial physical therapy visit, a person with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has the following scores on screening tools: Braden score 20/23 PhQ-4 score 2/12 Brief Inventory of Mental Status (BIMS) score 14/15 Fatigue Severity Scale Score 48/63 Based on this information, which area requires the MOST emphasis in the current plan of care regarding interventions or referrals?

A physical therapist is evaluating a patient with multiple sclerosis after a recent exacerbation. The patient reports worsened right sided spasticity, weakness, and fatigue level compared to their prior baseline. They also note that they feel like food gets stuck in their throat when they are eating and they have frequent coughing episodes when they drink water, which are new symptoms compared to their baseline. What is the MOST appropriate course of action related to this person’s swallowing symptoms?

Which of the following symptoms would be MOST likely observed in a person that has multiple sclerosis?

A patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis demonstrates excessive drooling associated with difficulty swallowing. What is the name for this symptom?

As motor neurons degenerate in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, reinnervation by neighboring motor neurons can compensate for lost function until motor unit loss reaches which approximate threshold?

Which of the following is the only pharmaceutical agent on the market that is capable of reducing future disease activity for all forms of multiple sclerosis including relapsing forms and primary progressive multiple sclerosis?

A physical therapist completes observation as part of the motor examination to screen the neurological system. What is the MOST likely cause of the impairments pictured?  

A patient with multiple sclerosis reports that they often feel exhausted, weak, and unable to concentrate in the afternoons which leads them to avoid physical and social activities. Which outcome measure is MOST indicated to assess the effect of these symptoms on this patient’s overall quality of life?