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Which segment of the nephron is permeable to water regardless if ADH is present or absent?

What will be the most likely consequence if the immune system aberrantly makes an autoantibody against an antigen on the podocyte membrane?

You are told that a fetus lacks the development of normal kidneys resulting in oliguria in utero. Which one of the following problems may develop as a consequence?

A 29 year old male patient has a history of electrolytes imbalances, hypokalemia, and severe hypertension. This patient was found to have mutations in a gene encoding the epithelial sodium channel. Which of the following diseases is characteristic of this patient?

A patient develops decreased renal function after surgery. There is prominent ischemic injury of the cells observed in this histologic section of kidney. What will be the most likely consequence in the patient? 

What is the most serious histologic finding in this patient who is undergoing kidney biopsy for acute renal failure of unknown etiology? PAS stain is shown. 

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is elevated in which one of the following conditions?

A woman of childbearing age presents with fever, joint pain, and a facial rash (see photo). Her urinalysis reveals hematuria and red blood cell casts. Which set of autoantibodies are most specific for her disorder and what is the most likely diagnosis on a renal biopsy? 

After intravenous infusion of inulin, the following values were obtained. You are asked to make some calculations. Consider the following:V (urine flow rate): 1ml/minPinulin (Plasma concentration of inulin): 125mg/mlUinulin (Urinary concentration of inulin): 10g/mlRAPAH (Renal artery concentration of PAH): 1.6mg/mlRVPAH (Renal vein concentration of PAH): 0.1mg/mlUPAH (Urinary concentration of PAH): 700mg/mlPA (plasma concentration of substance A): 12mg/mlUA (urinary concentration of substance A): 1.2g/mlHemocrit: 0.35 Which of the folowing pairs represent the true Renal Plasma Flow and the Renal Blood Flow.

The most commonly seen colors around Christmas are black and yellow.