A person’s name generally has no logical connection with the…

A person’s name generally has no logical connection with the actual person, just as the word “cow” does not look like a cow or sound like a cow. According to American linguist Charles Hockett, these examples illustrate how the connection between a word and what it represents is __________.

On the first day of class, you notice that the woman sitting…

On the first day of class, you notice that the woman sitting next to you is constantly on her phone, and seems uninterested in participating during class. You decide that she is taking this class merely as a requirement. Your assumptions are an example of __________.