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Neuro is brutal but pretty fascinating and it intersects every clinical area in some way (and yes it’s going to be applied with the cardiovascular and other systems it controls coming up next).

True or False? Creatine phosphate is the primary energy source used to sustain long-distance performance of skeletal muscles.

During your physical assessment of a patient post-car accident you find severe weakness in the their SCM (sternocleidomastoid) muscles of the neck and trapezius muscles of the shoulders. Which CN are you concerned damage has occurred to?

What ions, when they enter through the postsynaptic membrane via a ligand (chemically)-gated ion channel, will cause an inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)? Hint: gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) binds to the receptor on these channels and alcohol and anesthesia act as an agonist/activator of this receptor (especially in the cerebellum for alcohol and in the reticular activating system for anesthesia).

Atropine from Atropa belladonna was one of the major model drugs we studied with the autonomic nervous system. Topical atropine used during eye exams prevents parasympathetic mediated pupillary constriction and therefore only allows for sympathetic mediated pupillary dilation. Injectable atropine can be used to reduce salivation and bronchial secretions before surgery and to treat symptoms of low heart rate, called bradycardia. All these examples mean that, pharmacologically, atropine is classified as what kind of drug (hint: think of a car analogy with a gas and break pedal and whether its mechanisms of action is direct via “putting foot on the gas or break” or indirect via “taking foot off the gas or break”)?

True or False? Xanax, Valium, Versed, and Ativan, among other actions, all act via GABA receptor agonism which causes:

Sodium channel inactivation in a neuron is vital to ensure what?

Which muscle tissue type(s) fit all of these descriptions? Can initiate contraction via stretch, chemical signaling molecules, and direct electrical stimulation to gap junctions. Can be controlled via single unit or multiunit neural input. Has/have relatively slow contraction speed. Has/have no sarcomeres.

True or False? The enkaphalins and dynorphins are considered exogenous opiates whereas oxycodone and fentanyl are considered endogenous opiates.

Electro-neurophysiology question part 1 of 4: If a patient is taking a medication that selectively blocks/antagonizes certain potassium channels (which can be prescribed for epilepsy and, as you’ll learn in the next unit, for what are called cardiac arrhythmias/dysrhythmias), but their sodium channels are still functioning normally, then for the tissues targeted by the drug, hypothesize how action potentials would be affected here based on what you know about the phases of an action potential.