Category: Uncategorized

a. Is the abstract below an example of primary or secondary research? b. If primary identify the research design utilized and if secondary, identify the type of article (literature review, systematic review, or meta-analysis)  c. Explain WHY you chose the type of article/type of research identified in part b. The World Health Organization recommends 1500 to 2000 mg of calcium daily as supplementation, divided into three doses, for pregnant persons in populations with low dietary calcium intake in order to reduce the risk of preeclampsia. The complexity of the dosing scheme, however, has led to implementation barriers. We conducted two studies of calcium supplementation, in India and Tanzania, to assess the noninferiority of a 500-mg daily dose to a 1500-mg daily dose of calcium supplementation. In each, the two primary outcomes were preeclampsia and preterm birth. A total of 11,000 pregnant women were included in each study. The cumulative incidence of preeclampsia was 3.0% in the 500-mg group and 3.6% in the 1500-mg group in the India trial and 3.0% and 2.7%, respectively, in the Tanzania trial – findings consistent with the noninferiority of the lower dose in both trials. The percentage of live births that were preterm was 11.4% in the 500-mg group and 12.8% in the 1500-mg group in the India trial, which was within the noninferiority margin of 1.16; in the Tanzania trial, the respective percentages were 10.4% and 9.7%, which exceeded the noninferiority margin. In these two studies, low-dose calcium supplementation was noninferior to high-dose calcium supplementation with respect to the risk of preeclampsia. It was noninferior with respect to the risk of preterm live birth in the trial in India but not in the trial in Tanzania.

Observational studies will sometimes use an intervention and/or placebo.

Jose works for Prevention magazine and enjoys writing health related articles. He recently read about a study in which people on a vegan diet with a B12 deficiency and diagnosed depression were able to reverse their diagnosis with B12 supplements. This was exciting to Jose, and he has written a new article suggesting that a daily B12 supplement should be recommended to all adults with symptoms of depression. How would you describe this?

If a confidence interval includes 1, the associated risk change is not signifiant, even with a low odds ratio.

Read the abstract below, then select the BEST option to describe this publication. Nut consumption has been associated with decreased risk of colorectal, endometrial, lung, and pancreatic cancers. Polyphenols, fiber, vitamins, and minerals in nuts may confer this observed protective effect. To our knowledge, no study has evaluated the effect of nut consumption on esophageal and gastric cancers. The objective was to evaluate the associations between nut and peanut butter consumption and the risk of esophageal and gastric cancers and their different subtypes. In this study we used data from the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, which enrolled 566,407 persons who were 50-71 y old at baseline (1995-1996). The median follow-up time was 15.5 y. Intakes of nuts and peanut butter were assessed through the use of a validated food-frequency questionnaire. We identified 966 incident cases of esophageal adenocarcinomas, 323 cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, 698 cases of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, and 732 cases of gastric noncardia adenocarcinoma. Compared with those who did not consume nuts or peanut butter, participants in the highest category of nut consumption (C3) had a lower risk of developing gastric noncardia adenocarcinoma [C3 compared with C0, HR: 0.73 (95% CI: 0.57, 0.94)]. This inverse association was also seen for peanut butter consumption [C3 compared with C0, HR: 0.75 (95% CI: 0.60, 0.94)]. We observed no significant associations between the highest and lowest intakes of nuts or peanut butter and the risk of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, esophageal adenocarcinoma, or esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Among older American adults, both nut and peanut butter consumption were inversely associated with the risk of gastric noncardia adenocarcinoma. 

______ (also called in vivo) and ______ are both types of experimental research not conducted on humans. _______ _______

a. Is the abstract below an example of primary or secondary research? b. If primary identify the research design utilized and if secondary, identify the type of article (literature review, systematic review, or meta-analysis)  c. Explain WHY you chose the type of article/type of research identified in part b. d. how much did consuming SSB for 7 or more times per week increase cancer specific mortality? ________________________________________________________________ The evidence linking sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake and mortality risk is conflicting, and associations between various SSB subtypes and mortality remain unclear. We sought to examine the association between baseline SSB intake, subtypes of SSB intake, and mortality risk in women. Participants of the California Teachers Study (n = 100,314; median age = 53 years) free of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes at baseline (1995-1996) were followed from 1995 to 2015. Baseline SSB intake was defined as caloric soft drinks (regular soft drinks, not diet soda), sweetened bottled waters or teas, and fruit drinks; and was derived from a self-administered food frequency questionnaire. Mortality was ascertained via annual linkage with state- and nationwide mortality records and the National Death Index over 20 years. There were a total of 14,143 deaths over 20 years (30.5% from cardiovascular disease; 29.2% from cancer). In women who consumed ≥ 7 servings/week of SSBs at baseline (4% of participants), the multivariable-adjusted HRs were not significant for all-cause, cardiovascular disease-specific, or cancer-specific mortality. Consuming ≥ 7 servings/week of baseline caloric soft drink was associated with a higher risk of all-cause (HR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.46; P for trend = 0.02) and cancer-specific (HR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.63; P for trend = 0.08) mortality. In secondary analyses, consuming ≥ 1.5 c/day of baseline SSBs was associated with all-cause mortality (HR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.24; P for trend = 0.01). Although the baseline frequency of total SSB intake was not significantly associated with mortality, consuming ≥ 7 servings/week of caloric soft drinks was associated with higher risk of all-cause and cancer-specific mortality. Findings support public health efforts to reduce caloric soft drink consumption.

a. Are there any significant results? If so, which P values are significant? How do you know if a result is significant? b. Are there any highly significant results? If so, which P values are significant? How do you know if a result is highly significant? c. what type of study design was used here? How do you know? ________________________________________________________________ Twilight and low luminance levels are visually challenging environments for the elderly, especially when driving at night. Carotenoid rich diets are known to increase macular pigment optical density (MPOD), which in turn leads to an improvement in visual function. It is not known whether augmenting MPOD can lead to a decrease in vision related night driving difficulties. Additionally, it is unknown if carotenoid supplementation provides additional measurable benefits to one’s useful field of view (UFOV) along with a decreased composite crash risk score. Participants received either a 14 mg zeaxanthin/7 mg lutein-based supplement  or placebo. Thirty-three participants (26 males/7 females) participated with 93% capsule intake compliance in the supplemented group (n = 24) and placebo group (n = 9). MPOD (mean/standard error SE) in the active group increased in the Right eye (p < 0.001) and in the Left eye (p > 0.05). The supplemented group showed significant improvements in contrast sensitivity with glare in both eyes with improvements in LogMAR scores of 0.147 (p = 0.02) and 0.149 (p = 0.01). Monocularly tested glare recovery time improved 2.76 and 2.54 s, respectively, (p = 0.008 and p = 0.02), and we also noted a decreased preferred luminance required to complete visual tasks (p = 0.02 and 0.03). Improvements in UFOV scores of divided attention (p < 0.001) and improved composite crash risk score (p = 0.004) were seen in the supplemented group. The placebo group remained unchanged. The NVC demonstrates that augmenting MPOD in individuals with difficulty in night vision showed measurable benefits in numerous visual functions that are important for night vision driving in this small sample RCT. Additionally, we observed an improvement in UFOV divided attention test scores and decreased composite risk scores.

a. Is the abstract below an example of a primary of secondary publication? If secondary, what type and how do you know? If primary, what is the research design? Explain why you identified that particular research design. b. Are there any significant results? Which ones and how do you know? (can just list the numbers and explain) c. Are there any highly significant results? Which ones and how do you know? (can just list the numbers and explain) ____________________________________________________________ Although artificial and non-nutritive sweeteners are widely used and generally recognized as safe by the US and European Union regulatory agencies, recent studies report that fasting plasma levels of erythritol, a commonly used sweetener, are associated with heightened incident cardiovascular disease risks. Effects of dietary erythritol on thrombosis phenotypes in humans have not been examined. We tested the impact of erythritol or glucose consumption on multiple indices of stimulus-dependent platelet responsiveness in healthy volunteers (n=10 per group). Participants ingested either 30 grams of erythritol or glucose in a beverage.  Dietary erythritol (30 g), but not glucose (30 g), lead to a >1000-fold increase in erythritol plasma concentration (P

Read the abstract below, then select the BEST option to describe this publication. ________________________________________________ Low intake of micronutrients is associated with health-related problems in nursing home residents. As their food intake is generally low, it is expected that their micronutrient intake will be low as well. The nutrient intake of 189 residents (mean age 85.0 years) in five different Dutch nursing homes was measured based on 3-day direct observations of intake. Micronutrient intake, without supplementation, was calculated using the Dutch food composition table. Intake was compared to the estimated average requirement (EAR) or adequate intake (AI) as described in the Dutch dietary reference values. A low intake was defined as >10% not meeting the EAR or when the P50 (median) intake was below the AI. Vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, B6, folate, B12, C, D, E, copper, iron, zinc, calcium, iodine, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and selenium were investigated. Our data showed that vitamin and mineral intake was low for most assessed nutrients. An AI was only seen for vitamin B12 (men only), iodine (men only), and phosphorus. A total of 50% of the population had an intake below the EAR for riboflavin, vit B6, folate, and vitamin D. For reference values expressed in AI, P50 intake of vitamin E, calcium, iodine, magnesium, potassium, and selenium was below the AI. To conclude: micronutrient intake in nursing home residents is far too low in most of the nursing home population. A “food-first” approach could increase dietary intake, but supplements could be considered if the “food-first” approach is not successful.