Category: Uncategorized

When theorists focus on media models of thinness for women, stress from abuse and sexual harassment, poor recognition of achievements, and excessive attention to beauty and body shape, they are thinking about

Human life begins as a single cell.  That cell divides and gives rise to trillions of specialized cells.  This process of cell dfferentiation is controlled by

Paul has been repeatedly cutting himself and occasionally burning himself with a lighter, but without the intent to die. He is best described as demonstrating

For the vignette, please give a diagnosis and bullet point the symptoms that made you come to the diagnosis. Samuel is a 28-year-old, final-year medical student from the south-eastern region of Nigeria. He was declared missing for 10 days and then later seen in a city in southwestern Nigeria, a distance of about 634 km from his home. Ten days before his episode, while studying in his room alone at night, Samuel suddenly saw a full human skeleton reading at the same table with him, sitting at the opposite side. At the same time, he claimed he felt uneasy and quite uncomfortable. He saw the whole room turning with everything inside becoming unstable and unreal. After this experience, Samuel had overwhelming fears and did not know when he left the room. Two days later, he discovered he was with his younger sibling in south-western Nigeria. Samuel had no knowledge of how he made the journey that takes approximately eight hours by road. He equally could not remember where he slept the night he left his room, how he raised money for the journey, or the buses and routes he took. Samuel denied all memory of events for the 2 days from when he left his room at the university to the time he suddenly realized he was at his brother’s house, hours away. The brother, however, reported that Samuel appeared unkempt, and looked exhausted but was fully conscious and alert on arrival at his house without any assistance. Prior to this episode, Samuel had been under severe economic and academic pressures and had been worried that he might fail his final qualifying examinations in 3 months. He slept poorly at night, with his sleep had been marked by early morning wakefulness and waking up not feeling refreshed.

Researchers have found that certain aspects of somatic symptom disorders such as ____, or the difficulty understanding one’s own emotions, have a genetic basis.

For the vignette, please give a diagnosis and bullet point the symptoms that made you come to the diagnosis. Norma Balaban, a 37-year-old married woman was referred by her primary care physician for evaluation of depression and multiple somatic symptoms. Her problem list included: nocturnal leg spasms sleep difficulties that led to head heaviness.  intermittent cold sensations in her extremities, face Pulsating sensations in her eyes after a poor night’s sleep difficulty urinating menstrual irregularity right gluteal pain  neck stiffness The patient has been seen by a rheumatologist who diagnosed her with mechanical back pain without evidence of inflammatory arthritis. A neurologist diagnosed her with atypical migraine variant. Tests performed (all were normal): 2 EEGs, an electromyogram, 3 brain and 3 spinal MRIs, two lumbar puncture studies, and serial laboratory exams.  She spoke to the psychiatrist primarily about her physical complaints. She found it difficult to concentrate and complete her work and was spending a lot of time on the Internet researching her symptoms. She acknowledged bouts of depressed mood over the prior year with some anhedonia and occasional thoughts of suicide. She had started taking an SSRI and an anticonvulsant, prescribed by her primary care physician, and experienced partial improvement in her mood and some of her pains.

Forgetfulness that is not caused by substance use or neurological or other medical disorder is characteristic of

Sally is extremely underweight and has a severely disturbed body image. She eats very little, but sometimes eats big meals and compensates through the use of laxatives. Jane is of normal weight and perceives herself as sort of heavy. She feels a lack of control over her eating habits and sometimes eats enough food for five people within an hour, but then compensates by vomiting. Sally would probably be diagnosed with __________, whereas Jane would probably be diagnosed with ___________.

For the vignette, please give a diagnosis and bullet point the symptoms that made you come to the diagnosis. A 5-year-old male was brought by his grandmother with a history of recurrent abnormal body movement and shaking of his body. It was initially misconstrued as a seizure without the loss of consciousness for 3 days. It was of abrupt onset and a fluctuating pattern. The client had no history of drug usage such as antipsychotic or antiemetic that could cause abnormal body movement. There were intervals of normal movement and behavior. He was said to be having 4–5 episodes of abnormal body movements per day. There was no history of muscle spasms or seizures at any time. There was no history of use of anticonvulsant at any time and EEG done was normal. The physical and neurological examination done on him was normal. His cognitive functions and psychometric evaluations were normal. Laboratory results, including a full blood count, blood film for the malaria parasite, and blood chemistry (serum calcium, sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate), were essentially normal. He was sleeping well and was fully interactive and energetic in the ward. The child was initially managed as a case of dystonia and placed on IV fluid and diazepam 2.5 mg twice daily for 2 days. On the 3rd day, repeated abnormal body movement persisted even while walking without any falls. Despite his age, this was odd because of abnormal movement and gyration while walking without any fall which is not consistent with features of seizure disorder or dystonia. The need to consider interaction with the child was encouraged to explore a positive outcome. The child was then instructed to display that movement voluntarily, and to our amazement, he was able to display the movement repeatedly and was able to abort the movement voluntarily. He was able to repeat this symptom and abort severely when instructed. Further history at this point revealed that the child and grandmother had frequented kind of syncretic churches where worshippers fall into a state of religious trance, during which they gyrate their bodies rhythmically while delivering “spiritual” messages. On close discussion with the child, he revealed his perceived passion for the body movement learned from the spirit-filled worshiper in the church and the attention he gets from the grandmother when displaying such movement. Adopting a nonjudgmental approach and gentle persuasion, the client was encouraged to tell the full story, and he expressed the passion he has for such movement and dance. He enjoyed mimicking the abnormal body movement because of the attention he got from his grandmother any time he displayed it.

Jon has a binge-eating disorder. You might expect that the connections between his lateral hypothalamus and ____ are abnormal, possibly leading him to respond more to learned cues rather than feelings of fullness with regard to his eating behavior.