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Hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the blood stream to target organs.

Fill in the missing words: When blood pressure is measured, it is typically taken from an [BLANK-1] because they are closer to the heart and have higher pressure. The walls of [BLANK-2] are thin to allow for the exchange of gases and nutrients. [BLANK-3] have valves to prevent the backflow of blood, ensuring it moves in one direction toward the heart.

The pineal gland is responsible for regulating sleep-wake cycles. 

What is the main function of macrophages in the immune system?

Cardiac muscle cells are multinucleated like skeletal muscle cells.  

Which gland is known as the “master gland” of the endocrine system?

What is the primary function of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle?

Explain how negative feedback mechanisms regulate hormone levels in the body, providing specific examples.

Describe the inflammatory response.

Viruses and bacteria have an effect on the functioning of the immune system; tabulate any two differences between viruses and bacteria.