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In 2005, T types and signs a will that gives his sailboat to his sons, 50% of the rest of his property to his wife, and the other 50% to his two children. His wife is one witness, and one of his sons is the other. In 2010, while out to eat as a guest of his sons, T writes on a napkin, “When I die, I give 40% of my property to my wife, and 60% to my sons. Signed, Dad.” In 2012, one of T’s sons dies in a sailing accident, leaving a young child. T sells the sailboat for $100k, gives half the proceeds to his remaining son, and puts the other half in an account in his own name. He tells his wife and remaining son that the money in that account is for his grandchild. He also executes a codicil that gives 75% of his property to his wife, and 25% of his property to his living son. In 2020, when T dies, he is survived by his wife, a son, and a grandchild by his deceased son. Does T have a valid will at his death? If T has a valid will, who takes what at his death? If T’s 2012 codicil is found to be invalid, who takes what at his death? Answer according to California law.

Which of the following would not be a suitable answer to fill in the blanks of this phrase: Wnt is to Frizzled as ____________ is to ____________?

An axolotl limb with hypothetical positional information values 1 to 5 as shown above, is amputated at positional value 2. The blastema that forms is remoed and replaced with a regeneration blastema of value 4 from a donor albino (white) axolotl.  Explain what happens as this limb regenerates. Your answer should indicate the order of positional values of the resulting limb and the origin(s) of new cells (e.g. Host (pink) vs Donor (white).

Bonus question 2 * Ref: Google’s Nano banana Pro   Assume a counterfactual framework. A student plans to start a new business developing AI-enabled smart glasses designed to assist drivers. The glasses provide real-time AI voice support, including navigation assistance, weather alerts, and warnings about potential driving hazards. The student seeks to evaluate the effect of using AI glasses on driving safety. Conducting controlled experiments with drivers is infeasible due to budget limitations and ethical concerns. Instead, the student assembles observational panel data from multiple U.S. states. Some states permit the use of AI glasses while driving, whereas others prohibit it. The dataset spans periods before and after the legalization of AI glasses in each state. The student compares changes in driving safety outcomes across states over time, implicitly constructing counterfactual outcomes for treated states using untreated states as a comparison group. To estimate the effect of AI glasses on driving safety, the student should use(1) ____________________ (A. causal inference or B. prediction). The experimental design described above is best characterized as a(2)____________________ (A. randomized controlled trial or B. quasi-experiment). After completing the analysis, the student finds evidence that the use of AI glasses improves driving safety in the observed sample. Building on this result, the student plans to enhance the product by adding a new AI feature that forecasts the real-time probability of a traffic accident. If the forecasted probability exceeds a predefined threshold, the glasses issue an immediate warning to the driver. This new feature is based on(3)____________________ (A. causal inference or B. prediction). Overall, because the study relies on real-world data and counterfactual reasoning rather than abstract theoretical modeling, this project is an example of a(4)____________________ (A. empirical or B. theoretical) study.

The chick forelimb shown above is likely most likely the result of:

The Cre/LoxP system would be the best choice for deleting a gene in which of the following studies in mice?

Bonus question 1 The “Nash Equilibrium (NE)”, named after Nash (1950) builds on the notion that every player finds her “best response” to each of her rivals’ strategies. Nash equilibrium (NE). A strategy profile is a NE if every player chooses a best response to her rivals’ strategies. Consider a two-player simultaneous-move game represented by a payoff matrix. The players are Firm 1 and Firm 2, who independently and simultaneously choose between two technologies, technology A (environmentally friendly) and technology B (conventional, polluting). The payoff matrix lists outcomes for each possible combination of technology choices. Each cell of the matrix reports the payoff pair as follows: (the payoff to Firm 1 under the corresponding strategy profile, the payoff to Firm 2 under the corresponding strategy profile​) Please provide the strategic profile of the Nash Equilibrium (NE) _____________ Hint: In this game, there is only one NE. Hint:  We refer to a “game” every time we consider a scenario in which the action of one agent (either individual, firm, or government) affect other agents’ well-being. Elements of game: Player: The set of individuals, firms, government or countries, that interact with one another. We consider games with 2 or more players. Strategy: A complete plan describing which actions a player chooses in each possible situation (contingency). Payoff: What every player obtains under each possible strategy path

The Axolotl limb diagrammed above uses numbers to represent identity of different sections along the proximal-distal axis. What would happen it the limb was amputated just distal to the stylopod, and the blastema that formed was soaked in Retinoic Acid (RA) and then allowed to regenerate?

The social theory that focuses on how individuals use shared symbols and construct society through everyday interactions is called ________________________. Type in the Word(s) that should go in the missing blank.

Laud Humphrey’s Tearoom Trade is an example of research with several ethical issues.