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Depressed children tend to explain negative events in terms of internal, stable, and global causes.In doing so, they exhibit an external attributional style.

A study by Neiss et al. (2006) looked for genetic components to self-esteem. The researchers found greater concordance (agreement) for self-esteem in

Acceptance or rejection by peers has little influence on children’s adjustment later in life.

The self-concepts of preschoolers and those in middle childhood differ in that

Believing that the sun is a yellow circle that a person painted on the sky is an example of

Depression in middle childhood occurs equally among boys and girls.

During middle childhood, mother–child interactions focus on

Reese describes herself by saying, “I am a girl. I love soccer. I have a younger brother. I ride the bus to school. I like strawberries.” This self-description is typical of a(n)

According to Freud, during middle childhood, psychosexual feelings

Children who lack conservation skills would assume that a sandwich cut into two halves would result in