Suppose Rep. Michelle Fischbach is about to vote on a bill i…

Suppose Rep. Michelle Fischbach is about to vote on a bill increasing funding for farmers in her district  Her constituents strongly support it, but she thinks it costs too much.  She knows her constituents do NOT trust her judgment.  They always want her to do exactly what they would do. So, Fischbach votes for the bill.  Which of the following models of representation is she following?

Poorya works for a company that has changed its in-house pro…

Poorya works for a company that has changed its in-house professional development approach for its employees. In 2024, it had a traditional compliance focus, and in 2025, it was more individualized, using AI to support the training. Group A (2024 cohort): Employees trained with traditional compliance-focused Group B (2025 cohort): Employees trained with AI support Poorya compared manager engagement scores between employees trained in 2024 vs. 2025. The employees were only enrolled in one of the training programs. What is the correct null hypothesis for a non-parametric test?