. . . I believe that it must be the policy of the United Sta…

. . . I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation [control] by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes. . . . President Harry Truman, speech to Congress (Truman Doctrine), March 12, 1947 The program described in this quotation was part of the foreign policy of

Symporters and antiporters (a.k.a. exchangers) are two diffe…

Symporters and antiporters (a.k.a. exchangers) are two different types of coupled membrane transporters. In mammalian cells, the movement of small molecules across the plasma membrane through these transporters is coupled to the concentration gradient of what ion? Clearly describe the direction of the co-transported solute carried out by a plasma membrane localized symporter and an antiporter.