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The senses of taste and smell work because specific __________ in the organs of taste and smell combine with __________ in the air or food. Both senses thus employ __________ to detect changes in the environment.

The transduction of sound waves into nerve signals occurs within the:

In order to sense smell, information must first be received by olfactory receptors located in the __________.  Once stimulated, these receptors send information to the __________ in the brain via the __________.

The blind spot is:

The __________ lobe of the cerebral cortex receives information gathered by photoreceptors.

The drug __________ in tobacco products causes neurons to release dopamine, which reinforces dependence on this drug. Occasional __________ users experience euphoria, alterations in vision and judgment, and distortions of space and time. Heavy use of __________ often leads to liver damage.

__________ equilibrium is called for when the entire body is moving. Fluid in the semicircular canals displaces the gelatinous material within the __________. For __________ equilibrium, movement occurs in one plane (vertical or horizontal), and the otoliths in the _________ and saccule are displaced in the gelatinous material, bending the cilia of the hair cells. Hair cells in the ampullae and utricle and saccule synapse with the __________ nerve.

A biogeochemical cycle involves only the abiotic components of an ecosystem and describes how chemicals circulate through those components.

Both energy and chemicals cycle through an ecosystem and are not lost.

Minerals in rocks are considered what type of component of a chemical cycle?