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How do we know what the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have historically been?

Polar ice is dominated by what type of vegetation?

Some traits are favored not because they enhance survival, but because they increase the individual’s likelihood of obtaining mates. This is called

Which of the following biomes is not characterized by grasses being the predominant vegetation?

Coral reefs are a symbiotic association between cnidarians and

The rate at which an ecosystem’s producers convert solar energy to chemical energy stored in biomass is called

In a population of guppies, some females develop a mating preference for males with orange spots while other females develop a mating preference for males with blue spots. What could occur because of this difference in mating preferences?

For terrestrial organisms, the main concern regarding water is preventing water loss.

In the deserts of North America, you find many species of cacti which have big fleshy stems adapted for storing water. In the deserts of Africa, you find many species of euphorbs which have big fleshy stems adapted for storing water. The similarity of adaptations between these very different plants is an example of

The process that creates new alleles.