A 32-year-old female patient with a previous diagnosis of cl…

A 32-year-old female patient with a previous diagnosis of clinically isolated syndrome presents with blurred vision in one eye, limb weakness, and numbness. MRI reveals multiple lesions in the brain and spinal cord. What would you suspect is causing the lesions?

A 55-year-old man with a history of heavy smoking, chronic a…

A 55-year-old man with a history of heavy smoking, chronic alcohol use, and long-standing type 2 diabetes presents with progressive weight loss, pruritus, and jaundice. Physical exam reveals a palpable epigastric mass. Which diagnosis best explains the obstructive symptoms and underlying cellular pathology?

A 72-year-old female presents with progressive memory loss,…

A 72-year-old female presents with progressive memory loss, difficulty performing familiar tasks, and frequent disorientation. Her daughter reports she has become increasingly withdrawn and has trouble recalling recent conversations. Imaging reveals hippocampal atrophy. Which of the following pathophysiological mechanisms is most likely responsible for this patient’s cognitive decline?

A patient with a past medical history of chronic hepatitis C…

A patient with a past medical history of chronic hepatitis C, long duration of heavy smoking, and obesity presents with vague abdominal symptoms. Imaging reveals a solitary liver mass. Which diagnosis best explains the transformation of hepatocytes due to persistent inflammation?

A 21-year-old patient presents with progressive weakness in…

A 21-year-old patient presents with progressive weakness in the legs that began 5 days prior and is now ascending to the arms. The patient reports a recent gastrointestinal illness. You suspect Guillain-Barre syndrome. Which additional finding would be most likely?